Chapter 7 Flashcards
steps to film processing
development rinsing fixer washing drying
exposed silver halide crystals converted into black metallic silver
development
development softens the gelatin emulsion, causing emulsion to do what
swell, exposing the silver halide crystals to chemicals
rinsing removes the _______ ____ and does what
removes alkaline developer and prolongs the life of the fixer
removes the undeveloped/unexposed silver halide crystals from the emulsion/film; stops further film development; establishes the image permanently on the film
fixation
what step hardens the emulsion?
fixation
removes all chemicals left on radiograph after fixation
washing
many x rays penetrate and expose many silver halide crystals
air/soft tissue
fewer x rays penetrate and not as many silver halide crystals are exposed
bone
few, if any xrays penetrate, silver halide crystals not exposed
amalgam/gold
after removing moitsure, films can be handled for mounting
drying
black top
developer
red top
fixer
what are the developer agents
hydroquinone and elon
converts exposed silver halide crystals into black metallic silver
developer agents
helps protect the developer from being oxidized by the air
preservative(sodium sulfite)
provides alkaline solution needed by developer; also softens gelatin, allowing developer to reach crystals
activator(sodium carbonate)
reduces effects of developer on unexposed crystals
restrainer(potassium bromide)
dealing with developer solution
agents
preservative
activator
restrainer
dealing with fixer solution
clearing agent
preservative
acidifier
hardener
dissolves and removes unexposed silver halide crystals from emulsion
clearing agent(ammonium thiosulfate or sodium thiosulfate)
inhibits decomposition(oxidation) of clearing agent
preservative(sodium sulfite)
neutralizes any contaminating alkali from the developer
acidifier(acetic acid)
hardens and shrinks emulsion so film can be handled
hardener(potassium alum)
