Chapter 7-8

Question 1

Kant’s nativism stressed mental categories, whereas Muller stressed:

Answer 1

physiological mechanisms

Question 2

The statement “Man is born free and yet we see him everywhere in chains” is associated with

Answer 2

Rousseau

Question 3

According to Kierkegaard, the ultimate state of being was arrived at when the individual decided to:

a. return to nature
b. embrace God and take God’s existence on faith
c. live a life based on rational principles
d. seek pleasure and avoid pain

Answer 3

b. embrace God and take God’s existence on faith

Question 4

According to the romantics, the best way to find out what humans were really like was to study the:

a. rational powers
b. ideas that were derived from experience
c. apperceptive mass
d. total person

Answer 4

d. total person

Question 5

For Rousseau, the best guide for human conduct was (were):

a. a person’s honest feelings and inclinations
b. religious principles
c. the categorical imperative
d. rationally derived moral principles

Answer 5

a. a person’s honest feelings and inclinations

Question 6

According to Rousseau, for a government to be effective it must be based on:

Answer 6

General Will

Question 7

Kierkegaard’s stages for development of human freedom

Answer 7

aesthetic-ethical-religious

Question 8

What characterized Rousseau’s utopian society?

Answer 8

Surrender of masses to general will

Question 9

Schopenhauer believed that life was best viewed as

Answer 9

the postponement of death

Question 10

Nietzsche believed that the best life reflected:

Answer 10

controlled passion

Question 11

The romantic philosophers said that humans possess many characteristics which we need to take into account. Which of the following is not one of them?

a. irrational feelings
b. intuitions
c. instincts
d. logistics

Answer 11

d. logistics

Question 12

Those before Helmholtz who believed in animal spirits, or a vital force, believed that:

a. measuring the speed of nerve conduction was impossible
b. measuring the speed of nerve conduction may be possible in the future when better technology becomes available
c. science could not be applied in any way to studying nerve conduction
d. life could be explained by the interactions of physical and chemical processes alone

Answer 12

a. measuring the speed of nerve conduction was impossible

Question 13

Define the three stages of Kierkegaard

Answer 13

aesthetic-hedonistic, bored and despairing, don’t recognize their freedom
Ethical-accept responsibility for their choices, but follow dogmatic ethical guidelines from someone else
Religious-highest level of freedom, personal relationship with God

Question 14

What is a conviction?

Answer 14

A belief thought to correspond to an absolute truth

Nietzsche thinks they are dangerous

Question 15

What is the enlightenment

Answer 15

Thinkers thought that through scientific method, knowledge could be achieved that could better mankind

Question 16

Existentialism

Answer 16

Emphasizes free will and uniqueness, like romanticism

Question 17

Nietzsche believed what about life’s meaning

Answer 17

We must determine for ourselves

Question 18

Perspectivism

Answer 18

Nietzsche: There are no truths, only perspectives

Question 19

Romanticism

Answer 19

Uniqueness and irrationality are valued

live according to impulses

Question 20

Rousseau

Answer 20

Humans in chains
Should be left free
Governed only by general will
Impulses are moral
Noble savage

Question 21

What does Schopenhauer claim accounts for human behaviour

Answer 21

will to survive

endless cycle of meeting needs

Question 22

Schopenhauer on purpose of life

Answer 22

Just delayed death

We can try to gain insight into existence

Question 23

What is the effect of intelligence (Schopenhauer)

Answer 23

Intelligence causes more suffering, but also allows us to attempt rise above

Question 24

How can we rise above Schopenhauer’s suffering?

Answer 24

Pursue phenomenal pleasures that cannot be frustrated (like art) and be a reluctant servant to physical needs like food and sex

Question 25

Will to power

Answer 25

Human need to overcome one's self repeatedly | Leads to superman

Question 26

Absolute threshold

Answer 26

absolute minimum stimulation that can be detected by an organism

Question 27

Charles Bell

Answer 27

Differentiated between sensory and motor nerves

Question 28

Broca's clinical method

Answer 28

Determine behaviour disorder, once patient is dead, discover what caused it in brain

Question 29

Fechner

Answer 29

Expanded Weber's law, showing for jnd to vary arithmetically, magnitude must vary geometrically

Question 30

Formal discipline

Answer 30

Theory that faculties of mind can be strengthened through math or logic

Question 31

Gall

Answer 31

Phrenology

Question 32

Unconscious inference

Answer 32

Helmholtz's explanation of how we use experience to perceive things like parallel convergence and moving pictures

Question 33

Who measured rate of nerve conduction

Answer 33

helmholtz

Question 34

What was the young-Helmholtz theory of colour vision

Answer 34

three specific colour receptors

Question 35

resonance place theory of auditory perception (who and what)

Answer 35

Helmholtz, different hairs in ear respond to different frequencies

Question 36

Method of adjustment

Answer 36

Observer adjusts variable stimulus until it appears to equal standard

Question 37

Method of constant stimuli

Answer 37

Various intensities are compared by observer to standard

Question 38

Method of limits

Answer 38

Various intensities provided alongside standard to determine range of intensities appearing the same as standard

Question 39

Negative sensations

Answer 39

sensations below absolute threshold

Question 40

Panpsychism

Answer 40

Belief that everything has consciousness