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Cognitive psychology > Chapter 7: Language and thought > Flashcards

Chapter 7: Language and thought Flashcards

1
Q

Aphasia

A

Difficulty in producing or comprehending language.

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2
Q

Language

A

A system for communicating with others using signals that convey meaning and are combined according to rules of grammar.

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3
Q

Lexicalization

A

The process whereby the thoughts underlying the words are turned into sounds.

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4
Q

Phoneme

A

The smallest unit of sound that is recognizable as speech rather than as random noise, for example ‘ba’ or ‘pa’.

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5
Q

Phonological rules

A

A set of rules that indicate hox phonemes can be combined to produce speech sounds.

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6
Q

Morphemes

A

The smallest meaningful units of language.

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7
Q

Grammar

A

A set of rules that specify how the units of language can be combined to produce meaningful messages.

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8
Q

Morphological rules

A

A set of rules that indicate how morphemes can be combined to form words.

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9
Q

Syntactical rules

A

A set of rules that indicate how words can be combined to form phrases and sentences.

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10
Q

Alignment

A

The process whereby speakers share a reciprocal arrangement to exchange information.

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11
Q

Inference

A

Speakers generate deeper conceptual understanding based on what has been said.

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12
Q

Routine expression

A

Unambiguous conventions that facilitate language.

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13
Q

Speech monitoring and repair

A

Speakers interact to understand what others are sying by seeking clarification.

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14
Q

Fast mapping

A

The process by which children map a word onto an underlying concept after only a single exposure.

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15
Q

Telegraphic speech

A

Speech that is devoid of function morphemes and consists monthly of content words.

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16
Q

Nativist theory

A

The view that language development is best explained as an innate, biological capacity.

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17
Q

Language acquisition device (LAD)

A

A collection of processes that facilitate language learning.

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18
Q

Genetic dysphasia

A

A syndrome characterized by an inability to learn the grammatical structure of language despite having otherwise normal intelligence.

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19
Q

Lexicon

A

Our mental dictionary.

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20
Q

Grapheme

A

Units of written language that corresponds to a phoneme.

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21
Q

Dual-route models

A

Propose that there are essentially two pathways to the lexicon.

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22
Q

Direct lexical route

A

One where the grapheme maps directly onto the phoneme.

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23
Q

Indirect sublexical route

A

One that does not involve the lexicon at all but maps the grapheme directly onto the pronunciation.

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24
Q

Dyslexia

A

A disorder involving difficulty with reading and writing.

25
Q

Dyslexia

A

A disorder involving difficulty with reading and writing.

26
Q

Surface dyslexia

A

People with this disorder are unable to read irregular words.

27
Q

Phonological dyslexia

A

People with this disorder are unable to read pronounceable non-words.

28
Q

Semantics

A

Meaning of a word.

29
Q

Semantic priming

A

The meaning of a word influences the processing of other words that are conceptually related.

30
Q

Deep dyslexia

A

Readers cannot retrieve the meaning of words.

31
Q

Linguistic determinism hypothesis

A

Language shapes the nature of thoughts.

32
Q

Linguistic relativity hypothesis

A

The proposal that language may influence the way we think and perceive.

33
Q

Concept

A

A mental representation that groups or categorizes shared features of related objects, events or other stimuli.

34
Q

Category-specific deficit

A

A neurological syndrome characterized by an inability to recognize objects that belong to a particular category while leaving the ability to recognize objects outside the category undisturbed.

35
Q

Family resemblance theory

A

Members of a category have features that appear to be characteristic of category members but may not be possessed by every member.

36
Q

Prototype theory

A

Our psychological categorization is organized around the properties of the most typical member of the category.

37
Q

Exemplar theory

A

A theory of categorization that argues that we make category judgement by comparing a new instance with stored memories of other instances of the category.

38
Q

Base rates

A

The actual likelihood of events occuring.

39
Q

Rational choice theory

A

The classical view that we make decisions by determining how likely something is to happen, judging the value of the outcome, and then multiplying the two.

40
Q

Availability bias

A

Items that are more readily available in memory are judged as having occurred more frequently.

41
Q

Heuristics

A

Faster and efficient strategies that may facilitate decision making but do not guarantee that a solution will be reached.

42
Q

Algorithm

A

A well-defined sequence of procedures or rules that guarantees a solution to a problem.

43
Q

Conjunction fallacy

A

Thinking that two events are more likely to occur together than either individual event.

44
Q

Representativeness heuristic

A

A mental shortcut that involves making a probability judgement by comparing an object or event to a prototype of the object or event.

45
Q

Framing effects

A

People give different answers to the same problem depending on how the problem is phrased (or framed).

46
Q

Sunk-cost fallacy

A

A framing effect in which people make decisions about a current situation based on what they have previously invested in the situation.

47
Q

Prospect theory

A

Proposes that people choose to take on risk when evaluating potential losses and avoid risks when evaluating potential gain.

48
Q

Frequency format hypothesis

A

The proposal that our minds evolved to notice how frequently things occur, not how likely they are to occur.

49
Q

System 1 decision making

A

Operates automatically and quickly, with little or no effort and no sense of voluntary control.

50
Q

System 2 decision making

A

Allocates attention to more taxing and mental activities and is often associated with a subjective experience of making choices.

51
Q

Means-ends analysis

A

A process of searching for the means or steps to reduce the differences between the current situation and the desired goal.

52
Q

Analogical problem solving

A

Solving a problem by finding a similar problem with a known solution and applying that solution to the current problem.

53
Q

Functional fixedness

A

The tendency to perceive the functions of objects as fixed.

54
Q

Reasoning

A

A mental activity that consists of organizing information or beliefs into a series of steps to reach conclusions.

55
Q

Practical reasoning

A

Working out what to do, or reasoning directed towards action.

56
Q

Theoretical reasoning

A

Reasoning directed towards arriving at a belief.

57
Q

Belief bias

A

People’s judgements about whether to accept conclusions depend more on how believable the conclusions are than on whether the arguments that are assumed to be true.

58
Q

Syllogistic reasoning

A

Determining whether a conclusion follows from two statements that are assumed to be true.

Cognitive psychology (9 decks)

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