Chapter 7: Nephrology: Topic 1- Renal Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards Preview

Kaplan High Yield Workbook > Chapter 7: Nephrology: Topic 1- Renal Anatomy and Physiology > Flashcards

Flashcards in Chapter 7: Nephrology: Topic 1- Renal Anatomy and Physiology Deck (29)
Loading flashcards...
1
Q

Name the 3 stages of embryonic kidney development and indicate which stage will form the definitive human kidney

A
  1. Pronephros- disappears
  2. Mesonephros –> BC, glomerulus, mesonephric duct
  3. Metanephros –> kidneys
2
Q

When the mesonephric kidney degenerates, what does the cranial end of the mesonephric duct form in males?

A

under the influence of testosterone, it forms the ductus deferens, ejaculatory duct and seminal gland

3
Q

What structure begins the formation of the definitive human kidney?

A

The ureteric bud, –> collecting system

4
Q

Where does the definitive human kidney initially develop?

A

in the pelvis

5
Q

The embryonic origin of the bladder and urethra is

A

urogenital sinus

6
Q

Name 3 malformations evident in a stillborn infant that succumbed from bilateral frenal agenesis (Potter sequence)

A

oligohydramnios –> craniofacial anomalies, pulmonary hypoplasia, clubbed feet

7
Q

What vessel blocks the ascent of a horseshow kidney?

A

inferior mesenteric artery

8
Q

In a newborn with a patent urachus, there will be abnormal drainage of urine from

A

the umbilicus, via a fistula

9
Q

the 3 main anatomic regions of the kidney are

A

cortex, medulla, hilum

10
Q

Which nephrons have short loops of Henle and which nephrons have long ones?

A

Outer cortex, short ones: cortical nephrons

Inner cortex, long ones: juxtamedullary nephrons

11
Q

Name the 3 structures, in order, through which urine will pass to reach the ureter, beginning at the apex of a renal pyramid.

A

minor calyx
major calyx
renal pelvis

12
Q

If potter sequence develops from renal agenesis, what features are seen?

A

oligohydramnios–> club feet, pulmonary hypoplasia, craniofacial: flat noes, recessed chin

13
Q

Failure of the allantois to obliterate embryologically can cause what problem?

A

Patent urachus–> leak urine via umbilicus

14
Q

Name and briefly describe the 4 basic renal processes

A

filtration- water/ solute from G. capillary –> Bowman’s space
Reabsorption- solute/ water from lumen –> peritubular capillaries
secretion
excretion- water/ solute loss in the urine

15
Q

About __ of the body mass is water and its distribution is ___ extracellular and ___ intracellular

A

60%
1/3
2/3

16
Q

Four grams of inulin is infused into a patient and the plasma concentration of inulin is 250 mg/ ml after steady state ahas been achieved. What compartment is measured, and what is the volume of this compartment?

A

Extracellular volume

V = A/C amount/ concentration. 4g/.25 = 16 L

17
Q

Does the tracer measure plasma, extracellular, or total body compartments?
I-albumin, Evan’s blue dye, Cr red blood cell

A

Plasma

18
Q

Does the tracer measure plasma, extracellular, or total body compartments? Inulin, mannitol, 22Na+, sucrose

A

Extracellular

19
Q

Does the tracer measure plasma, extracellular, or total body compartments? Heavy water, tritiated water, urea, antipyrine

A

Total

20
Q

Under normal circumstances, ____ and ____ compounds are not filtered at the glomerular capillary

A

plasma proteins

lipid soluble

21
Q

Define GFR and indicate the force producing it

A

rate fluid is filtered into Bowman’s space

Pressure in glomerular capillary (Pgc)

22
Q

The equation for filtration fraction. What variable influences it directly?

A

FF = GFR/ RPF

Oncotic pressure in peritubular capillaries directly related to FF

23
Q

What impact do sympathetics have on RPF, GFR and FF?

A

(affect both, but afferent more than efferent)

RPF very much down, GFR down, FF up

24
Q

What impact does Angiotensin II have on RPF, GFR and FF?

A

(affect efferent more than afferent)

RPF down, GFR up, FF up

25
Q

What is the important role of prostaglandins in the regulation of renal blood flow? Which over-the-counter compounds block prostaglandin production?

A

Maintain dilation of afferent arteriole

NSAIDS

26
Q

Equation for clearance. The clearance of which compound is a measure of GFR? Why?

A

C= UV/P Urine concentration, flow, plasma concentration

Inulin; it is freely filtered and not secreted or reabsorbed

27
Q

Plasma creatinine is used as a marker of renal function because it

A

is freely filtered, not reabsorbed. Inverse relationship between plasma creatinine and GFR

28
Q

The clearance of ___ is a measure of effective renal plasma flow, and it is utilized for this measurement because if the plasma concentration is low enough, all of it is ____

A

PAH

secreted

29
Q

Compound X is infused into a patient until it reaches a steady-state plasma concentration of 100 mg/dl. Once steady state is reached, the urine concentration of X is 2 mg/ml and urine flow is 1 ml/ min. Inulin clearance is 100 ml/min. Given this, is there net secretion or reabsorption of X? what is the rate of this reabsorption or secretion, and is the clearance of X greater than, equal to or less than GFR?

A

Filtered load = GFR * Px = 100 mg/min (rate solute enters nephron)

Rate of excretion = UV = 2 mg/ml * 1 ml/min

Filtered load is greater than excretion; therefore reabsorbed at filtered load - excretion = 98 mg/min