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Psy > Chapter 7 Thinking and Intelligence > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Thinking and Intelligence Flashcards

1
Q

anchoring bias

A

faulty heuristic in which you fixate on a single aspect of a problem to find a solution

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2
Q

artificial concept

A

concept that is defined by a very specific set of characteristics

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3
Q

availability heuristic

A

faulty heuristic in which you make a decision based on information readily available to
you

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4
Q

cognitive psychology

A

field of psychology dedicated to studying every aspect of how people think

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5
Q

cognitive script

A

set of behaviors that are performed the same way each time; also referred to as an event
schema

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6
Q

confirmation bias

A

faulty heuristic in which you focus on information that confirms your beliefs

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7
Q

convergent thinking

A

providing correct or established answers to problems

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8
Q

creative intelligence

A

ability to produce new products, ideas, or inventing a new, novel solution to a problem

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9
Q

creativity

A

ability to generate, create, or discover new ideas, solutions, and possibilities

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10
Q

crystallized intelligence

A

characterized by acquired knowledge and the ability to retrieve it

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11
Q

cultural intelligence

A

ability with which people can understand and relate to those in another culture

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12
Q

divergent thinking

A

ability to think “outside the box” to arrive at novel solutions to a problem

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13
Q

dyscalculia

A

learning disability that causes difficulty in learning or comprehending mathematics

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14
Q

dysgraphia

A

learning disability that causes extreme difficulty in writing legibly

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15
Q

dyslexia

A

common learning disability in which letters are not processed properly by the brain

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16
Q

event schema

A

set of behaviors that are performed the same way each time; also referred to as a cognitive
script

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17
Q

fluid intelligence

A

ability to see complex relationships and solve problems

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18
Q

Flynn effect

A

observation that each generation has a significantly higher IQ than the previous generation

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19
Q

functional fixedness

A

inability to see an object as useful for any other use other than the one for which it was
intended

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20
Q

heuristic

A

mental shortcut that saves time when solving a problem

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21
Q

hindsight bias

A

belief that the event just experienced was predictable, even though it really wasn’t

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22
Q

intelligence quotient

A

(also, IQ) score on a test designed to measure intelligence

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23
Q

Multiple Intelligences Theory

A

Gardner’s theory that each person possesses at least eight types of intelligence

24
Q

natural concept

A

mental groupings that are created “naturally” through your experiences

25
norming
administering a test to a large population so data can be collected to reference the normal scores for a population and its groups
26
overgeneralization
extension of a rule that exists in a given language to an exception to the rule
27
phoneme
basic sound unit of a given language
28
practical intelligence
aka “street smarts”
29
problem-solving strategy
method for solving problems
30
prototype
best representation of a concept
31
range of reaction
each person’s response to the environment is unique based on their genetic make-up
32
representative bias
faulty heuristic in which you stereotype someone or something without a valid basis for your judgment
33
representative sample
subset of the population that accurately represents the general population
34
role schema
set of expectations that define the behaviors of a person occupying a particular role
35
schema
(plural = schemata) mental construct consisting of a cluster or collection of related concepts
36
semantics
process by which we derive meaning from morphemes and words
37
morphemes
A morpheme is the smallest meaningful lexical item in a language. The field of linguistic study dedicated to morphemes is called morphology.
38
standard deviation
measure of variability that describes the difference between a set of scores and their mean
39
standardization
method of testing in which administration, scoring, and interpretation of results are consistent
40
triarchic theory of intelligence
Sternberg’s theory of intelligence; three facets of intelligence: practical, creative, and analytical
41
working backwards
heuristic in which you begin to solve a problem by focusing on the end result
42
heuristic
A heuristic, or heuristic technique, is any approach to problem solving or self-discovery that employs a practical method that is not guaranteed to be optimal, perfect, or rational, but is nevertheless sufficient for reaching an immediate, short-term goal or approximation.
43
Raymond Cattell
Raymond Bernard Cattell was a British-American psychologist, known for his psychometric research into intrapersonal psychological structure.
44
intrapersonal psychological structure
describing factors operating or constructs occurring within the person, such as attitudes, decisions, self-concept, self-esteem, or self-regulation.
45
Theory of multiple intelligences
The theory of multiple intelligences proposes the differentiation of human intelligence into specific modalities of intelligence, rather than defining intelligence as a single, general ability
46
Charles Spearman
British psychologist Charles Spearman believed intelligence consisted of one general factor, called g, which could be measured and compared among individuals. Spearman focused on the commonalities among various intellectual abilities and de-emphasized what made each unique.
47
Robert Sternberg
Robert Sternberg developed another theory of intelligence, which he titled the triarchic theory of intelligence because it sees intelligence as comprised of three parts (Sternberg, 1988): practical, creative, and analytical intelligence
48
triarchic theory of intelligence
The triarchic theory of intelligence proposes that there are three distinct types of intelligence: practical, distinct, and analytical.
49
Howard Gardner
developed multiple intelligences theory
50
Raymond Cattell divided intelligence into two components
In the 1940s, Raymond Cattell proposed a theory of intelligence that divided general intelligence into two components: crystallized intelligence and fluid intelligence (Cattell, 1963). Crystallized intelligence is characterized as acquired knowledge and the ability to retrieve it.
51
Fluid and crystallized intelligence
The concepts of fluid intelligence and crystallized intelligence were introduced in 1963 by the psychologist Raymond Cattell. According to Cattell's psychometrically-based theory, general intelligence is subdivided into gf and gc
52
Flynn effect
The Flynn effect is the substantial and long-sustained increase in both fluid and crystallized intelligence test scores that were measured in many parts of the world over the 20th century
53
Norming
Norming refers to the process of constructing norms or the typical performance of a group of individuals on a psychological or achievement assessment.
54
Robert Sternbergs analytical intelligence
Sternberg says that analytical intelligence is demonstrated by an ability to analyze, evaluate, judge, compare, and contrast
55
Creative intelligence
Creative intelligence is marked by inventing or imagining a solution to a problem or situation. Creativity in this realm can include finding a novel solution to an unexpected problem or producing a beautiful work of art or a well-developed short story
56
Morpheme
The Morpheme is the smallest unit of a language that can carry meaning.It is a meaningful morphological unit of a language that cannot be further divided (e.g. in, come, -ing, forming incoming ).

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