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Flashcards in Chapter 8 Deck (24)
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0
Q

Information-processing systems

A

Mechanisms for receiving info, representing it with symbols, and manipulating it.

1
Q

Cognitive psychology

A

The study of the mental processes by which information from the environment is modified, made meaningful, stored, retrieved, used, and communicated to others.

2
Q

Thinking

A

The manipulation of mental representations.

3
Q

Reaction time

A

The time between the presentation of a stimulus and an overt response to if.

4
Q

Evoked brain potential

A

A small, temporary change in EEG voltage that is evoked by some stimulus.

5
Q

Concepts

A

Categories of objects, events, or ideas that have common properties.

6
Q

Natural concepts

A

Concepts that have no fixed set of defining features but instead share a set of characteristic features.

7
Q

Prototype

A

A member of a natural concept that possesses all or most of its characteristic features.

8
Q

Propositions

A

Mental representation of the relationship between concepts.

9
Q

Scripts

A

Mental representation of familiar sequences of activity.

10
Q

Mental model

A

A cluster of propositions representing our understandings of objects and processes that guides our interaction with those things.

11
Q

Algorithm

A

Systematic prosecutes that cannot fail to produce a correct solution to a problem, if a solution exists.

12
Q

Rules of logic

A

Sets of statements that provide a formula for drawing valid conclusions.

13
Q

Syllogisms

A

Arguments made up of two or more propositions(premises) and a conclusion based on those premises.

14
Q

Formal reasoning
Vs.
Informal reasoning

A

The process of following a set of rigorous procedures for reaching valid conclusions.
Vs.
The process of evaluating a conclusion, theory, or course of action on the bias on the believability of evidence.

15
Q

Heuristics

A

Time-saving mental shortcuts used in reasoning.

16
Q

Anchoring heuristic

A

A mental shortcut that involves basing judgements on existing behavior.(

17
Q

Representative heuristic

A

A mental shortcut that involves judging whether something belongs in a given class on the basis of its similarity to other members of that class.

18
Q

Availability heuristic

A

A mental shortcut through which judgements are based on info that is most easily brought to mind.

19
Q

Mental set

A

The tendency for old patterns of problems solving to persist even when they might not always be the most efficient alternative.

20
Q

Functional fixedness

A

A tendency to think about familiar objects in familiar ways that may prevent using them in other ways.

21
Q

Expected value

A

The total benefit to be expected if a decision were to be repeated several times.

22
Q

Phoneme

A

The smallest unit of sound that affects the meaning of speech.

23
Q

Morpheme

A

The smallest unit of language that has meaning.