chapter 8

Question 1

DNA -> DNA

Answer 1

replication

Question 2

DNA -> RNA

Answer 2

transcription

Question 3

RNA -> Protein

Answer 3

translation

Question 4

experiment with radioactive uracil or wtv that proves RNA is the messanger

Answer 4

Volkin and Astrachan

Question 5

what are the key differences in RNA

Answer 5

ribose sugar and uracil instead of thymine

Question 6

mRNA

Answer 6

messanger RNA, has the protein encoding sequence

Question 7

tRNA

Answer 7

transfer RNA, carry amino acids to ribosome

Question 8

rRNA

Answer 8

ribosomal RNA, key part of ribosomes

Question 9

snRNA

Answer 9

small nuclear RNAs, participate in mRNA processing

Question 10

what direction is transcription

Answer 10

5’ to 3’

Question 11

what are the 4 stages of transcription

Answer 11

initiation, elongation, termination, and processing for eukary

Question 12

Prokaryote initiation codeon

Answer 12

TTGACAT or TATAAT

Question 13

sigma factor

Answer 13

scans the chromosome and helps unwind the DNA so that RNA polymerase can initiate

Question 14

differences in prokaryote and eukaryote transcription

Answer 14

• Diff RNA polymerases used
• Diff initiation and termination mechanisms
• only eukaryotes do processing

Question 15

RNA Polymerase I

Answer 15

transcribes all rRNA genes except 5S

Question 16

RNA Polymerase II

Answer 16

transcribes all mRNAs and some snRNAs

Question 17

RNA Polymerase III

Answer 17

transcribes all tRNAs, some snRNAs and 5S rRNA

Question 18

what is the promoter sequence in eukaryotes

Answer 18

TATA box

Question 19

what is TBP (euk)

Answer 19

promotor recognizing factor

Question 20

what is GTFs

Answer 20

general transcription factors, bind to promotor and attract/position RNA polymerase II

Question 21

elongation

Answer 21

nucleotides are added one at a time

Question 22

elongation occurs in which direction

Answer 22

5’ to 3’

Question 23

transcription and translation are _____ in euk

Answer 23

compartmentalized

Question 24

in prokaryotes translation happens..

Answer 24

as mRNA is being produced

Question 25

termination signal in eukaryotes

Answer 25

AAUAAA

Question 26

the endonuclease cuts ______ nucleotides downstream of signal so polymerase falls of

Answer 26

20

Question 27

GI rich hairpin

Answer 27

mediates prokeryote termination

Question 28

processing

Answer 28

in eukaryotes only, primary RNA is transcripted into mature mRNAs

Question 29

5' cap

Answer 29

added to the 5' end of the message as elongation proceeds

Question 30

3' Poly(A) tail

Answer 30

added after termination to precent degradation and signals initiation of transcription

Question 31

splicing

Answer 31

cut out introns (non-coding regions), done by splicisome

Question 32

what is the evidence of introns

Answer 32

hybridization

Question 33

alternative splicing

Answer 33

depending on what's considered an intron, one gene can lead to many diff proteins

Question 34

splicisome

Answer 34

does the splicing at consensus sequences (GU and AG at the 5' and 3' splice sites), made of snRNAs