Chapter 8

Question 1

refers to the logical interpretations or conclusions that go beyond the original material.

Answer 1

Inference

Question 2

the concept of an apple depends on the other concepts to which it is connected

Answer 2

network model

Question 3

information is influenced by your _ _. this allows you to go beyond this information in the stimulus in a useful fashion. for example making predictions about other stimuli.

Answer 3

General Knowledge

Question 4

refers to our organized knowledge about the world, lexical and or language knowledge and conceptual knowledge

Answer 4

Semantic Memory

Question 5

information and events that occurred to us.

Answer 5

Episodic Memory

Question 6

teguichigalpa is the capital of Honduras. is an example of

Answer 6

Semantic Memory

Question 7

this morning in my geography class i learned that teguichigalpa is the capital of Honduras is an example of

Answer 7

Episodic Memory

Question 8

_ helps us determine location, read sentences solve problems and make decisions. categories and concepts are essential in order to make sense of your knowledge

Answer 8

Semantic Memory

Question 9

is a set of objects that belong together

Answer 9

Categories

Question 10

fruit represents a certain __ of food items

Answer 10

Category

Question 11

refers to your mental representation of a category. the physical category called fruit is stored as a mental representation within your cerebral cortex

Answer 11

Concepts

Question 12

__ allows you to make inferences when you encounter new examples from a category

Answer 12

Concepts

Question 13

is the item that is the best, most typical example of a category; a___ therefore is the ideal representation of this category

Answer 13

Prototype

Question 14

according to ___ you decide whether a particular item belongs to a category by comparing this item with its prototype

Answer 14

Prototype approach

Question 15

the members of a prototype differ in ____ or the degree to which they are representative of their category.

Answer 15

prototypicality

Question 16

a robin and a sparrow are prototypical birds while a penguine and an astrich are nonprototypes is an examples o

Answer 16

prototypicality

Question 17

begins with the most representative or prototypical member and it continues on through the categories nonprototypical members

Answer 17

Graded Structure

Question 18

characteristics of prototypes

Answer 18

-they are supplied as examples of a category, prototypes are judged more quickly than nonprototypes after semantic priming, prototypes share attributes in a family resemblance category

Question 19

people judge typical items (prototypes) faster than items that are not typical (nonprototypes)

Answer 19

typicality effect

Question 20

when people judge robin more quickly than a penguin belonging to the category of a bird is an example of

Answer 20

typicality effect

Question 21

people respond faster to an item if it was preceded by an item of similar meaning.

Answer 21

Semantic Priming Effect

Question 22

no single attribute is shared by all examples of a concept however each example has at least one attribute in common with some other example of the concept

Answer 22

Family Resemblance Category

Question 23

the most prototypical item has the largest number of attributes in common with other items in the category

Answer 23

example of family resemblance category

Question 24

they are higher-level and more general categories, for example furniture, animal and tools.

Answer 24

Superordinate level categories

Question 25

are moderately specific examples dog, chair, screwdriver

Answer 25

Basic Level Categories

Question 26

low level or more specific categories desk chair, collie and phillip screwdriver.

Answer 26

subordinate level Categories

Question 27

__ __ are more useful than any other category level

Answer 27

Basic level categories

Question 28

__ level categories are used to identify objects, are more likely to produce the semantic priming effect, and activate different areas of the brain

Answer 28

Basic Level Categories

Question 29

__ lobe is active when you need to find the category belonging to a subordinate level category

Answer 29

Parietal

Question 30

__ is active when you need to find the category belonging to a superordinate term

Answer 30

Prefrontal Cortex

Question 31

Our notion of the ideal ___ can change with the passage of time and as context change

Answer 31

Prototype

Question 32

problem with prototype approach

Answer 32

items sometimes stop being prototypes, we often do store specific information about individual examples of a category

Question 33

first learn some specific examples of a concept, then classify each new stimulus by deciding how closely it resembles those specific examples

Answer 33

exemplar approach

Question 34

would argue your concept of dog would include information about numerous examples of dogs you have known

Answer 34

examplar approach

Question 35

would argue that your ___ of a dog would be an idealized representation of a dog with average size for a dog and average features but not like any particular dog youve ever seen

Answer 35

prototype approach

Question 36

numerous specific members of a category

Answer 36

exemplar approach

Question 37

a typical member of a category

Answer 37

prototype approach

Question 38

problem with the exemplar approach

Answer 38

Our semantic memory would become polluted with all the different examples, and we would have trouble sorting through the categories of things, Can have substantially different examples

Question 39

are concerned about the interconnections among related items, proposes a netlike organization of concepts in memory with numerous interconnections. the meaning of a concept depends on theconcepts to which it is connected

Answer 39

network model approach

Question 40

each concept is represented as a ___ or one unit located within the network.

Answer 40

node

Question 41

when a node is activated it expands or spreads from that node to other connected nodes a process called

Answer 41

Spreading activation

Question 42

is an acronym for adaptive control of thought rational this approach attempts to account for a wide variety of tasks. it includes memory, learning , spatial cognition language reasoning, problem solving and decision making.

Answer 42

ACT-R

Question 43

knowledge about facts and things.

Answer 43

Declarative Knowledge

Question 44

the meaning of a sentence is represented by___ ___ which is a pattern of interconnected propositions.

Answer 44

Propositional knowledge

Question 45

the smallest unit of knowledge that people can judge to be either true or false.

Answer 45

propositions

Question 46

susan gave a cat to maria, the cat was white, maria is the president of the club are examples of

Answer 46

propositions

Question 47

theories propose that people encode "generic" information about a situation, then use this information to understand and remember new examples of the schema

Answer 47

schema

Question 48

the clinician and the client may work together in order to explore the clients core beliefs and create appropirate new more helpful strategies

Answer 48

schema therapy

Question 49

my boss praised me but i did not deserve it, the therapist can help modify her intreptation of the word praise is an example of

Answer 49

schema therapy

Question 50

simple, well structured sequence of events in a specific order associated with a highly familiar activity. this is also a kind of schema

Answer 50

Script

Question 51

at a restaurant, sitting down looking at the menu, eating the food and paying the bill is an example of a

Answer 51

script

Question 52

is a list of events that a person believes would be most important throughout his or her lifetime.

Answer 52

life scripts

Question 53

schema and memory

Answer 53

if you are presented an image of an office you are more likely to recall items that are consistent with your schema of an office. you are also likely to remember schema consistent items that were never present in the room. you show better recall for material that violates our expectations of a schema when it is especially vivid and surprising.

Question 54

refers to our tendency to remember having viewed a greater portion of a scene than was actually shown. (material is visual)

Answer 54

Boundary Extensions

Question 55

showing a narrow photo of garbage can and the individual is asked to replicate the image and they make it a more complete figure is an example of

Answer 55

Boundary Extension

Question 56

Boundary Extension and eye witness

Answer 56

they may recall seeing a feature of a suspects face when these features were actually not visible at the scene of the crime.

Question 57

is a memory process that stores the meaning of a message rather than the exact words.

Answer 57

abstraction

Question 58

you can probably remember the concept of family resemblance but not recall any specific sentence in its exact original form is an example of

Answer 58

abstraction

Question 59

word for word recall. (this kind of memory is very poor even if a few minutes have passed)

Answer 59

verbatim memory

Question 60

occurs when people remember an item that was not originally presented. more likely to commit this kind of error if it follows the original schema.

Answer 60

false alarm

Question 61

people integrate information from individual sentences in order to construct larger ideas. later they believe that they have already seen those complex sentences because they have combined the various facts in memory.

Answer 61

Constructive model of memory

Question 62

proposes that people pay attention to the aspect of a message that is most relevant to their current goals. (gist of the sentence, they know they do not to remember word for word, they need to pay attention to the specific wording then they know that their verbatim memory needs to be highly accurate. (pay attention to precise wording)

Answer 62

Pragmatic view of memory

Question 63

our background knowledge encourages us to take in new information in a schema consistent fashion. schema consistent integration is more likely if there is a delay.

Answer 63

Memory Integration