Chapter 8

Question 1

Recombinant DNA technology can be most accurately defined as the

Answer 1

deliberate modification of the genome of an organism for practical purposes

Question 2

The natural role of restriction enzymes in bacteria is to

Answer 2

protect the cell from invading Phages

Question 3

A library of clone sequences representing the expressed genes of an organisms is known as a

Answer 3

Gene library

Question 4

Which of the following restriction enzyme sites would produce blunt-ended fragments?

Answer 4

CCC^GGG

Question 5

**Recent modifications of microbes have produced

Answer 5

Microbes which facilitate extractioin of metals from mining ores

Question 6

Synthetic nucleic acids are useful as

Answer 6

DNA probes, primers, and antisense RNAs

Question 7

Mutagens are useful in biotechnology research for

Answer 7

Producing organisms with altered phenotypes

Question 8

Which of the following is essential to PCR?

Answer 8

Both DNA primers and DNA polymerase

Question 9

Which of the following would be appropriate sequence of temperature for PCR?

Answer 9

94C , 65C, 72*C

Question 10

if you started with a single DNA molecule, how many would you have at the end of the six PCR cycles

Answer 10

64

Question 11

In gel electrophoresis DNA molecules move toward the ______ electrode because they have an overall _____Charger

Answer 11

Positive

Negative

Question 12

Which of the following procedures might be used to detect the presence of genetic sequences of a virus in a sample?

Answer 12

Southern blotting or RCR

Question 13

A northern blot differs from a southern blot in the

Answer 13

type of nucleic acid being isolated

Question 14

Th DNA double helix can be separated into single strands using

Answer 14

Heat (94)

or NaOH

Question 15

What device is used for PCR?

Answer 15

Thermocycler

Question 16

DNA fingerprinting can be used

Answer 16

for forensics and detection of uncultivable organisms

Question 17

A researcher inserted DNA fragments from an organism into plasmids and introduced the modified plasmids into bacterial cells.

which methods would be most efficicent means of identifying which clones contain a specific gene of interest?

Answer 17

a labeled synthetic probe complementary to the gene seqence

Question 18

Transgenic organisms

Answer 18

contain genes from other organisms

Question 19

Microbes produces a protein that kill a variety of insect pests

Answer 19

(Bt)

Bacillus thuringiensis

Question 20

A procedure that would be used to introduce DNA into a single mouse cell?

Answer 20

Microinjection

Question 21

The procedure used to identify individuals by their unique genetic sequences is known as

Answer 21

DNA Fingerprinting

Question 22

Synthesis of cDNA requires the use of

Answer 22

reverse transcriptase

Question 23

Probes used for detecting genetic sequence are frequently composed of

Answer 23

synthetic nucleic acids and labeled conjugates, such as fluorescent dye

Question 24

_________ are used for cutting DNA molecules into fragments

Answer 24

Restriction enzymes

Question 25

in southern blotting, DNA molecules are immobilized on

Answer 25

Nitrocellulose membrane

Question 26

Injecting DNA into cells can be accomplished using

Answer 26

Micropipettes, or compressed air and gold beads

Question 27

DNA encoding a normal gene is inserted into cells from a patient with a defective form of the gene. Recombinant cells are identified and isolated, and returned to the patients body. this is an example of?

Answer 27

Gene therapy

Question 28

Some of the strongest opposition to the application of recombinant DNA technology concers

Answer 28

Modification of food crops

Question 29

The use of microbes to make practical products such as vaccines or hormones is called

Answer 29

Biotechnology

Question 30

Nucleic acid molecules used to deliver new genes to cells are called

Answer 30

Vectors

Question 31

_________, first isolated from bacterial cells, cut DNA molecules at specific sites

Answer 31

restriction enzymes

Question 32

Short nucleic acid molecules used to locate complementary sequences in a larger population of molecules are called

Answer 32

Probes

Question 33

A set of clones representing the entire genome of an organism is know as a

Answer 33

Gene library

Question 34

The northern blot is a technique used to detect specific RNA molecules in a larger population of molecules that have been separated by

Answer 34

Gel electrophoresis

Question 35

The process of locating gens within the nucleic acid of an organisms is called

Answer 35

genetic mapping

Question 36

The insertion of foreign DNA directly into a cells nucleus using a glass micro pipet is called

Answer 36

Microinjection

Question 37

Can be used to detect mutant genes associated with genetic diseases in individuals before any clinical sysmptoms are notes

Answer 37

Genetic screening

Question 38

May be used to study the complex changing patterns of mRNA production in an organism

Answer 38

DNA library

Question 39

Beta-Carotene, the biochemical precursor to vitamin A, can be added to rice by using ____________. thereby increasing its nutritional value

Answer 39

recombinant DNA technology

Question 40

Vectors usually contain _________such as antibiotic genes or fluorescent tages

Answer 40

Genetic markers

Question 41

What is recombinant DNA technology?

Answer 41

Technology that allows DNA to be manipulated, alter and transferred from one organism to another

Question 42

How is recombinant DNA technology possible?

Answer 42

The DNA code is universal, so the genetic code is the same in all organisms, also transcription and traslation are essentially the same in all organisms

Question 43

What are the stages of making a protein using DNA technology?

Answer 43

``` Isolation Insertion Transformation Identification Growth/Cloning ```

Question 44

What occurs in isolation?

Answer 44

The DNA fragments with the gene for the desired protien are isolated

Question 45

Which methods can be used to isolate the DNA fragments?

Answer 45

Conversion of mRNA to cDNA using restriction endocucleases, using the gene machine

Question 46

how can we isolate DNA from mRNA?

Answer 46

We can extract mRNA from the cell's cytoplasm as it's more abundant than DNA. we can use the mRNA as templates to make lots of complementary DNA using reverse transcriptase

Question 47

What happens to the cDNA

Answer 47

Its single stranded, so DNA polymerase is used to build up other strand with complementary nucleotides, giving us double stranded DNA

Question 48

What happens in insertion

Answer 48

the DNA fragment is inserted into a vector

Question 49

what is step one of insertion?

Answer 49

The DNA fragemnt is cut out of the host DNA using a restriction site producing sticky ends. this is done twice

Question 50

What is step two of insertion

Answer 50

Vector DNA e.g plasmis is isolated and cut with the same enzyme once

Question 51

What is step three of insertion?

Answer 51

The sticky ends on the fragment are complementary to those on the vector and bind using the base paring rule

Question 52

what is step 4 of insertiong

Answer 52

DNA ligase is added, joining the fragments by reforming the sugar-phosphate backbone where it was broken by the restriction site this is ligation

Question 53

what is step 5 of insertion

Answer 53

This forms a loop of recombinant DNA

Question 54

what could also happen during insertion

Answer 54

The plasmid sticky ends may reattach without taking up the DNA or the DNA could bind to itself forming a plasmid which isnt recombinant

Question 55

What do we use to identify bacteria that have taken up the plasmid and what ae some examples?

Answer 55

Marker gene, antibiotic resistance marker genes, fluorescence maker genes, and enzyme marker genes

Question 56

What is a thermocycler

Answer 56

a compter controlled machine that varies temperture precisely over a period of time

Question 57

what is stage 1 of PCR

Answer 57

all of the components are added to the thermocycler and the temperature is increased to 95 degrees. this causes hydrogen bonds to break, separating the strands of the DNA frament (denaturation)

Question 58

What is stage 2 of PCR

Answer 58

The mixture is cooled to 65 degrees causing primers to anneal (bind) to their complementary bases at the end of the fragment. this allows tag polymerase to bind and start copying the DNA. it also prevents strands from rejoining (Priming)

Question 59

What is stage 3 of PCR?

Answer 59

The temperature is increased to 72 degrees, the optimum temp for taq polumerase to add complementary nucleotides along each of the seprarte strands