Chapter 8: 8.3 - Ingestion Flashcards Preview

Biology 20: Unit D - Human Systems > Chapter 8: 8.3 - Ingestion > Flashcards

Flashcards in Chapter 8: 8.3 - Ingestion Deck (30)
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1
Q

What does ingestion mean?

A

The taking in of nutrients (food)

2
Q

What two parts are needed for digestion?

A
  1. Mechanical

2. Chemical

3
Q

What is the mechanical part all about?

A

It is a physical digestion to grow the surface area (chewing)

4
Q

What is the chemical part all about?

A

It’s when molecular bonds are broken and rearranged or reorganized.

5
Q

What does Absorption mean?

A

The transfer of digested nutrients to the cells of the body.

It is also a passage of monomers through the mucous membrane of the intestine into blood and lymph.

6
Q

What is Egestion?

A
  • The removal of food waste from the body.

- It is also the release of indigestible wastes called feces.

7
Q

What happens in the mouth?

A
  • Chewing the food in the mouth breaks it down into smaller particles and increase the surface area = increases enzyme function
8
Q

What is the salivary amylase?

A

It smashes down starches which are (complex carbohydrate) to simpler carbohydrates.

9
Q

What is the Buffer?

A

biocarbonate (HCO3-)

10
Q

What is it called when the trachea has a small flap like valve?

A

It’s called an epiglottis.

11
Q

Things about Teeth

A
  • It’s essential for physical digestion.
  • Each tooth is surrounded by enamel.
  • 8 chisel-shaped teeth or 8 sharp, dagger, shaped incisors
12
Q

What are incisors used for?

A

They are used to cut food.

13
Q

Things about Premolars

A
  • They are broad and flattened.

- Specialized for grinding food.

14
Q

Things about Molars

A
  • They are wider, more flattened.
  • They have cusps.
  • They are made for crushing food.
15
Q

Things about Wisdom Teeth

A
  • It does not usually appear until 16 to 20 years of age.
16
Q

Stuff about The Tongue

A
  • Arranges food for chewing.
  • Helps in mixing food and saliva.
  • Moves bolus (ball) food to pharynx (back of throat)
17
Q

Stuff about Taste

A
  • Nerve cells on taste buds respond to particular flavors.
18
Q

Stuff about Esophagus

A
  • A muscular collapsible tube joined to the stomach.
  • It pushes food into the stomach by the method of peristalsis.
  • Small sphincter at the end (cardiac sphincter) directs the rate which food enters the stomach.
  • The sphincter remains closed so gastric juice doesn’t splash against the esophagus.
19
Q

What is Peristalsis?

A

They are rhythmic, wavelike contractions of muscle that move food along the gastrointestinal tract.

20
Q

Stuff about the Stomach

A
  • The inner surface is thrown into long folds known as the rugae in a J-shape.
  • It can store about 1.5 L of food.
21
Q

What are the 3 duties of the stomach?

A
  1. It stores and mixes food.
  2. Secretions (gastric juices) assist by breaking down/degrading food
  3. Directs passage of food to duodenum.
22
Q

What does the pepsin do?

A

They break the long amino acid chains in proteins into shorter chains called polypeptides.

23
Q

What are the 4 layers of the stomach?

A
  • Mucus cells: They protect or preserve the stomach lining.
  • Parietal cells: Hydrochloric acid (Hcl)
  • Chief cells: Pepsinogen
  • G Cells: Gastrin
24
Q

Is pepsin active or inactive form? Also is pepsinogen active or inactive form?

A

Pepsin is active. Pepsinogen is inactive.

25
Q

What is a peptic ulcer?

A

It is when the protective mucous lining of the stomach breaks down, and the cell membrane is exposed to the Hcl and pepsin.

26
Q

When does the peptic ulcer occur?

A

It happens when the corrosive acid and protein-breaking down or digesting enzymes break down protective mucous lining.

27
Q

Stuff about peptic ulcer

A
  • Histamine is unleashed
  • Grows the blood flow to destroyed tissue
  • Grows acid secretion
28
Q

What causes peptic ulcer?

A

A bacterium called H. Pylori (helicobacter pylori)

29
Q

What can treat peptic ulcer?

A
  • It the virus is detected early they can use antibiotics.
  • Another tool they could use to treat are laser beams.
  • Peculiar lasers are made for surgical applications which may be utilized to remove any destroyed tissues.
  • They can also use a device called an endoscope to look at the inside of the body.
30
Q

What is the Elements of the Digestive Process?

A
  1. Ingestion
  2. Digestion
  3. Absorption
  4. Egestion