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Physiology > Chapter 8: CNS > Flashcards

Chapter 8: CNS Flashcards

1
Q

Choroid Plexus

A

epithelial cells in the roofs of the ventricles around a core of blood capillaries and connective tissue
- secrete cerebrospinal fluid into the ventricles and central canal of the spinal cord

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2
Q

Path of cerebrospinal fluid circulation:

A
  1. lateral ventricles into the 3rd ventricle, through interventricular foramen
  2. cerebral aqueduct into the 4th ventricle
  3. 4th ventricle into central canal
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3
Q

Cerebrum

A

derived from the telencephalon
- largest portion of the brain (80%)
- higher mental functions

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4
Q

Corpus Callosum

A

internal connection between right and left cerebral hemispheres

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5
Q

Cerebral Cortex

A

outer region of the cerebrum
- 2-4 mm of gray matter with underlying white matter

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6
Q

Gyri

A

raised folds of the cerebral cortex

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7
Q

Sulci

A

depressed grooves of the cerebral cortex

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8
Q

Gyri + Sulci

A

Convolutions

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9
Q

Frontal Lobe

A

Voluntary motor control of skeletal muscles; personality; higher intellectual processes; verbal communication

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10
Q

Precentral Gyrus

A

located in the frontal lobe
- responsible for motor control

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11
Q

Parietal Lobe

A

Somesthetic interpretation; speech understanding; interpretation of textures and shapes

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12
Q

Postcentral Gyrus

A

located in the parietal lobe
- responsible for somesthetic sensation

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13
Q

Temporal Lobe

A

Auditory interpretation; memory of auditory/visual experiences

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14
Q

Occipital Lobe

A

Vision and eye coordination

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15
Q

MRI

A

Magnetic Resonance Imaging
- different brain regions have differences in H+ alignment, aligned by magnets
- clear definition between gray and white matter

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16
Q

EEG

A

Electroencephalogram
- electrodes on the scalp detect synaptic potentials produced by cell bodies and dendrites in the cerebral cortex

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17
Q

Alpha waves

A

awake, relaxed
- high in parietal and occipital lobes
10-12 cycles p/sec

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18
Q

Beta waves

A

visual stimulation and mental activity
- high in frontal lobe
13-15 cycles p/sec

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19
Q

Theta waves

A

sleeping adults, attention, memory, stress
- high in occipital and temporal lobes
5-8 cycles p/sec

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20
Q

Delta waves

A

sleep, brain damage in awake adults
- all over the cerebrum
1-5 cycles p/sec

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21
Q

REM

A

Rapid Eye Movement
- state where dreams occur
- theta waves observed
breathing/HR may be irregular
consolidation of nondeclarative memory

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22
Q

Non-REM

A

Resting sleep
- 4 stages determined by type of EEG waves
- stages 3 + 4 = slow-wave sleep = delta waves
breathing/HR is very regular
consolidation of spatial and declarative memory (short-term to long-term memory)

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23
Q

Sleep stages repeat every ____ish minutes and cycles through __ times per night

A

90 minutes
5 times per night

24
Q

Limbic system

A

involved in emotional drives
- amygdaloid, hippocampus, anterior insula, cingulate gyrus
- very active in REM sleep

25
Lateralization
Each side of the precentral gyrus controls movements on the contralateral side of the body - through the corpus callosum
26
Left hemisphere dominance
Language, Analytical ability, Speech, Describing visual appearance
27
Right hemisphere dominance
Visuospatial tasks, recognizing faces
28
Broca's area
motor speech area - located in the left frontal gyrus
29
Broca's aphasia
non-fluent aphasia = slow, poorly articulated speech - no impairment of understanding, only impairs motor aspects of speech (not other mouth motor tasks)
30
Wernicke's Area
language comprehension - located in left superior temporal gyrus
31
Wernicke's aphasia
fluent aphasia = rapid speech with no meaning - language comprehension is destroyed (spoken and written)
32
Nondeclarative
Implicit - memory of simple skills and conditioning
33
Declarative
explicit - things that can be verbalized 1. Semantic (facts) 2. Episodic (events)
34
Amygdaloid body
involved in the formation of memories with emotional components
35
Diencephalon
includes - epithalamus, thalamus, hypothalamus - 3rd ventricle and part of pituitary gland
36
Thalamus
paired masses of gray matter making up most of the walls of the 3rd ventricle
37
Relay Centre
In the thalamus - through which all sensory information (except smell) passes through to the cerebrum
38
Epithalamus
Contains the pineal gland (secretes melatonin)
39
Hypothalamus
Maintains homeostasis - regulates the autonomic system and pituitary gland - by release of inhibiting/stimulating hormones
40
Adenohypophysis
anterior pituitary - receives the regulatory hormones from the hypothalamus - in turn, regulate secretion of pituitary hormones to endocrine glands
41
Hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract
Transportation of ADH and oxytocin from hypothalamus to the posterior pituitary gland
42
Neurohypophysis
posterior pituitary gland - stores ADH and oxytocin until released by hypothalamus stimulation
43
7 Pituitary Gland Hormones
ACTH ADH GH LH FSH Oxytocin Prolactin
44
Mesencephalon
Midbrain - located between diencephalon and pons - 2 systems of dopaminergic neurons (involved in motor coordination and reward system)
45
Hindbrain
mesencephalon + myelencephalon - pons + cerebellum + medulla oblongata
46
Pons
houses sensory and motor tracts - heading to/from the spinal cord - 2 respiratory control centers (Apneustic and Pneumotaxic)
47
Cerebellum
receives input from proprioceptors in joints, tendons, and muscles - coordinates movement - motor learning and proper timing/force
48
Medulla oblongata
nuclei required for autonomic regulation of breathing and cardiovascular response - damage = death
49
Ascending Spinal Cord Tracts
- carry sensory impulses - prefix: Spino- - suffix: which brain region it synapses on
50
Descending Spinal Cord Tracts
- carry motor impulses - prefix: which brain region it comes from - suffix: -spinal
51
Cranial nerves
part of the PNS and arise directly from nuclei in the brain - most are mixed neurons - vision, olfactory, and hearing are sensory only
52
Spinal nerves
Part of the PNS and arise directly from the spinal cord - cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal - All mixed nerves
53
Dorsal root
sensory fiber carrier into CNS
54
Ventral root
motor fiber carrier out of the CNS
55
Reflex arc path
1. Sensory receptor 2. Sensory neuron 3. Interneuron in CNS 4. Somatic motor neuron 5. Effector (muscle or gland)
56
Reflex arc
unconscious motor response to a sensory stimuli Somatic = effector is a skeletal muscle Autonomic = effector is a smooth/cardiac muscle or gland

Physiology (15 decks)

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