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PSYCH 258 > Chapter 8: Everyday and Memory Errors > Flashcards

Chapter 8: Everyday and Memory Errors Flashcards

1
Q

Reminiscence Bump

A

the empirical finding that people over 40 years old have enhanced memory for events from adolescence and early adulthood, compared to other period of their life

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2
Q

Self-Image Hypothesis

A

the idea that memory is enhanced for events that occur as a person’s self image or life identity is being formed

this is one of the explanations for the reminiscence bump

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3
Q

Cognitive Hypothesis

A

an explanation for the reminiscence bump, which states that memories are better for adolescence and early adulthood because encoding is better during periods of rapid change that are followed by stability

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4
Q

Cultural Life Script Hypothesis

A

the idea that events in a person’s life story become easier tor recall when they fit the cultural life script for that person’s culture

this can be cited to explain the reminiscence bump

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5
Q

Cultural Life Script

A

life events that commonly occur in a particular culture

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6
Q

Youth Bias

A

tendency for the most notable public events in a person’s life to be perceived to occur when the person is young

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7
Q

Amygdala

A

a subcortical structure that is involved in processing emotional aspects pf experience, including memory for emotional events

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8
Q

Flashbulb Memories

A

memory for circumstances that surround hearing about shocking, highly charged events

it has been claimed that such memories are particularly vivid and accurate

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9
Q

Repeated Recall

A

recall that is tested immediately after an event and then retested at various times after the event

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10
Q

Narrative Rehearsal Hypothesis

A

the idea that we remember some life events better because we rehearse them

this idea was proposed by Neisse as an explanation for “flashbulb” memories

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11
Q

Constructive Nature of Memory

A

the idea that what people report as memories are constructed based on what actually happened plus additional factors, such as expectations, other knowledge, and other life experiences

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12
Q

Source Monitering

A

the process by which people determine the origins of memories, knowledge, or beliefs

remembering that you heard about something from a particular person would be an example of source monitering

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13
Q

Source Monitering Error

A

misidentifying the source of a memory

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14
Q

Source Misattributions

A

occurs when the source of a memory is misidentified

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15
Q

Illusory Truth Effect

A

enhanced probability of evaluating a statement as being true upon repeated presentation

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16
Q

Fluency

A

the ease with which a statement can be remembered

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17
Q

Repeated Reproduction

A

a method of measuring memory in which a person is asked to reproduce a stimulus on repeated occasions at longer and longer intervals after the original presentation of the material to be remembered

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18
Q

Pragmatic Inference

A

inference that occurs when reading or hearing a statement leads a person to expect something that is not explicitly states or necessarily implied by the statement

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19
Q

Schema

A

a person’s knowledge about what is involved in a particular experience

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20
Q

Script

A

a type of schema

the conception of the sequence of actions that describe a particular activity

for example; the sequence associated with going to class would be a “going to class” script

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21
Q

Highly Superior Autobiographical Memory

A

autobiographical memory capacity possessed by some people who can remember personal experiences that occurred on any specific day from their past

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22
Q

Misinformation Effect

A

misleading information presented after a person witnesses an event that changes how the person describes that event later

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23
Q

Misleading Post-event Information (MPI)

A

the misleading information that causes the misinformation effect

24
Q

Repressed Childhood Memories

A

memories that have been pushed out of a person’s consciousness

25
Q

Eyewitness Testimony

A

testimony by eyewitnesses to a crime about what they saw during commission of the crime

26
Q

Weapon Focus

A

the tendency for eyewitnesses to a crime to focus attention on a weapon, which causes poorer memory for other things that are happening

27
Q

Post-Identification Feedback Effect

A

an increase in confidence of memory recall due to confirming feedback after making an identification, as in a police lineup

28
Q

Cognitive Interview

A

a procedure used for interviewing crime scene witnesses that involves letting witnesses talk with a minimum of interruption

it also uses techniques that help witnesses recreate the situation present at the crime scene by having them place themselves back in the scene and recreate the emotions they were feeling, where they were looking, and how the scene may have appeared when viewed from different perspectives

29
Q

Nostalgia

A

a memory that involves a sentimental affection for the past

30
Q

Music-Enhanced Autobiographical Memories (MEAMs)

A

autobiographical memories elicited by hearing music

31
Q

What is autobiographical memory?

A

memory for specific experiences from our life, which can include both episodic and semantic components

mental time travel

multidimensional: spatial, emotional, and sensory components

32
Q

What is the sensory component of autobiographical memory?

A

patients who cannot recognize objects also experience loss of autobiographical memory

visual experience plays a role in forming and retrieving AM

33
Q

What events are remembered well over a person’s lifespan?

A

significant events in a person’s life

highly emotional events

transition points

34
Q

What is the reminiscence bump?

A

participants over the age of 40 asked to recall events in their lives

memory is high for recent events and for events that occurred in adolescence and early adulthood (between 10 and 30 years of age)

35
Q

What is the self-image hypothesis explaining the reminiscence bump?

A

memory is enhanced for events that occur as a person’s self-image or life identity is being formed

people assume identities during adolescence and young adulthood, most transitions occur between ages 10 and 30

memories from this period are a foundation for later development, either as continuous with that foundation or as discontinuous and in need of explanation

references made back to this momentous time of life would function cognitively as rehearsals

36
Q

What is the cognitive hypothesis explaining the reminiscence bump?

A

encoding is better during periods of rapid change that are followed by stability

evidence from those who emigrated to the US after young adulthood indicates reminiscence bump is shifted

37
Q

What is the cultural life-script hypothesis explaining the reminiscence bump?

A

each personal has a personal life story and an understanding of culturally expected events

personal events are easier to recall when they fit the cultural life script

38
Q

What is memory for emotional stimulus?

A

emotional events remembered more easily and vividly

emotion improves memory, becomes greater with time (may enhance consolidation)

brain activity: amygdala

39
Q

What are flashbulb memories?

A

memory for circumstances surrounding shocking, highly charged important events

9/11, kennedy assassination, challenger explosion

where you where, and what you were doing

highly emotional, vivid, and very detailed

are not “photograph” memories, as they can change with the passage of time

repeated recall causes changes

results suggest inaccurate or lacking in detail, even though reported to be very vivid and confident

40
Q

What is the narrative rehearsal hypothesis?

A

repeated viewing/hearing of event

TV, newspaper, radio, talking with others

could introduce errors in own memory

41
Q

What is the constructive nature of memory?

A

memory = what actually happens + person’s knowledge, experiences, and expectations

42
Q

What is a source memory?

A

process of determining origins of our memories

43
Q

What is a source monitoring error?

A

misidentifying source of memory

also called source misattributions

44
Q

What is cryptoamnesia?

A

unconscious plagiarism of another’s work due to a lack of recognition of its original source

45
Q

How does making inferences affect memory?

A

memory can be influenced by inferences that people make based on their experiences and knowledge

46
Q

What are pragmatic inferences?

A

based on knowledge gained through experience

memory often includes information that is implied by or is consistent with the to-be-remembered information but was not explicitly stated

47
Q

What is a schema?

A

knowledge about some aspect of the environment

48
Q

What is a script?

A

conception of sequence of actions that usually occurs during a particular experience

49
Q

How do schemas and scripts influence memory?

A

memory can include information not actually experienced but inferred because it is expected and consistent with the schema

office waiting room: books not present but mentioned in memory task

the constructive nature of memory can lead to errors or “false memories”

50
Q

What are the advantages of the construction of memories?

A

allows us to “fill in the blanks”

cognition is creative

understand language

solve problems

make decisions

51
Q

What are the disadvantages of the construction of memories?

A

sometimes we make errors

sometimes w misattribute the source of information

was it actually present, or did we infer it?

52
Q

What is the misinformation effect?

A

misleading information presented after a person witnesses an event can change how that person describes the event later

53
Q

What are errors in eyewitness testimony?

A

testimony by an eyewitness to a crime about what he or she saw during the crime

one of the most convincing types of evidence to a jury, assume that people see and remember accurately

but, like other memory, eyewitness testimony can be inaccurate: mistaken identity, constructive nature of memory

54
Q

What are errors due to attention and arousal?

A

attention can be narrowed by specific stimuli

weapons focus

55
Q

What are errors due to familiarity?

A

source monitering

56
Q

What are errors due to suggestion?

A

suggestive questioning

confirming feedback

57
Q

What can decrease eyewitness testimony errors?

A

inform witness perpetrator might not be in lineup

use “fillers” in lineup similar to suspect

use sequential presentation (not simultaneous)

improve interviewing techniques (cognitive interview)

PSYCH 258 (13 decks)

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