Chapter 8 Lathom-Radocy

Question 1

What is chapter 8 about?

Answer 1

Music Therapy for Individuals who have specific learning disabilities

Question 2

What is the broad defining umbrella meaning of individuals with learning disabilities?

Answer 2

Learning-disabled individuals have some brain processing malfunction that negatively affects “a students ability to access information (input), make sense of information (integration), store and retrieve information (memory), and communicate information back to others (output).”

Question 3

What are some specific diagnoses for individuals with learning disabilities?

Answer 3

1) auditory processing disorder, 2) dysgraphia, 3) dyscalculia, 4) dyslexia, 5) Language processing disorder, 6) visual perceptual/visual motor deficit, 7) nonverbal learning disability

Question 4

What is important to remember about individuals with learning disabilities?

Answer 4

Learning disabilities are disorders in psychological processing, not in general intellectual function gin, and the usually affect only specific, limited areas of learning or development. Learning-disabled individuals have some dysfunction in the way they learn, but their basic capacity to learn remains intact.

Question 5

What is a developmental reading disorder?

Answer 5

A term used to describe a condition in which all learning skills except reading (silent and oral) develop at a normal rate.

Question 6

What is Dyslexia?

Answer 6

Dyslexia describes impairments in reading ability: dyslexic individuals have difficulties with spelling, reading, and writing, and they may have trouble with reversals or left to right orientation.

Question 7

What is developmental arithmetic disorder or Dyscalculia?

Answer 7

All learning skills except math develop at a normal rate.

Question 8

What is Developmental Expressive Writing Disorder?

Answer 8

All learning skills except expressive writing develop at a normal rate.

Question 9

What is sequencing disorder?

Answer 9

Reversing the order of numbers and words; mix-ups happen in speech and writing

Question 10

What is tracking disorder?

Answer 10

Difficulty following objects; also causes difcciculty staying on same line when reading

Question 11

What is fine motor skills disorder or Dysgraphia?

Answer 11

Difficulty with writing and small muscle tasks

Question 12

What is auditory figure-ground or discrimination disorder?

Answer 12

Difficulty separating out competing sounds

Question 13

What visual figure-ground disorder?

Answer 13

Difficulty separating relevant visual stimuli

Question 14

What is visual closure disorder?

Answer 14

Difficulty completing incomplete visual image

Question 15

What is auditory closure disorder?

Answer 15

listener unable to hear every spoken word being said; unable to fill in gaps

Question 16

What is Alexia or visual aphasia or word blindness disorder?

Answer 16

confusion in letter recognition or symbol decoding, especially d, b, and p, beyond normal developmental stages; involves writing letters

Question 17

What is perseveration disorder?

Answer 17

difficulty stopping a task when it is completed; trouble switching from one concept or task to the next

Question 18

What is left to right orientation disorder?

Answer 18

tendency to confuse left and right

Question 19

What is developmental articulation disorder?

Answer 19

difficulty in articulation skills, may substitute or omit certain speech sounds

Question 20

What is developmental expressive disorder?

Answer 20

difficulty in oral communication; may be mute, have difficulty learning new words, have a small vocabulary, or omit, substitute, or over generalize words

Question 21

What is developmental receptive disorder?

Answer 21

difficulty in ability to understand others speech

Question 22

What is cluttering disorder?

Answer 22

speech is hurried, drops letters or syllables

Question 23

What are the causes of learning disabilities?

Answer 23

Current theories suggest that learning disabilities result from neurological processing dysfunctions caused by subtle disturbances in brain structures and functions. Contributing causes may include 1) disruptions in fetal brain development occurring after the brain cells are becoming specialized and moving into place, resulting in errors in cell makeup 2) genetic factors or hereditary influences, 3) effects of maternal tobacco, alcohol, or other drug use during pregnancy on fetal brain development, 4) complications, trauma, or infections during pregnancy or delivery that may disrupt or alter fetal brain development, 5) environmental influences, such as toxins, allergic reactions to food or additives, or radiation or chemotherapy treatment at an early age, and 6) acquired trauma after birth

Question 24

What are common characteristics, problems and needs of service users with learning disabilities?

Answer 24

Lower self-esteem, cycles of failure, frustration, social and emotional problems or maladaptive behaviors. Selective attention, hyperactivity, demoralization and so on.

Question 25

What are some settings for service delivery for individuals with learning disabilities?

Answer 25

Self-contained and inclusive classrooms, in-home, consultation services, cspecial education settings. Clinics, music studios, or community programs.

Question 26

How is music used in therapy with individuals with learning disabilities?

Answer 26

Experiences may include various modes of music involvement, such as singing, listening, playing instruments, moving to music, notating music, reading music, and creating music, used alone or in combination. This addresses associated problems such as low self-esteem, poor behavior control, poor social skills, attention deficits, poor listening skills, and low frustration tolerance.

Question 27

Can music therapy experience help develop behavior control and increase attention span?

Answer 27

Yes! Because of the strong attention-attracting qualities of music, combined with its order and structure and its ability to function as a powerful reinforcer, music therapy sessions are ideal for developing impulse control and increasing on-task behavior.