Chapter 8 -The Unification of China Flashcards Preview

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Flashcards in Chapter 8 -The Unification of China Deck (50)
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1
Q

Who was Confucius?

A
  • Kong Fuzi

- “Master Philosopher Kong”

2
Q

From which state was Confucian from?

A

state of Lu

3
Q

What was Confucius’s personality like?

A

strong willed, cantankerous, bitter complaints

4
Q

What were the Analects?

A

A book that compiled Confucians sayings and teachings; written by his pupils; influenced Chinese political and cultural traditions

5
Q

What areas did Confucianism pertain to?

A

moral, ethical, political, and practical; did not address philosophical questions, religious questions, or structure of state

6
Q

What did Confucius believe?

A

He believed that harmony arose from human relationships.

7
Q

What were junzi?

A

“Superior individuals” that Confucius filled official positions with because he believed it was the best way to promote good gov. Junzi didn’t allow personal interests to influence their judgements.

8
Q

What were the three qualities that Confucian emphasized?

A

1) ren - sense of humanity, kind, courteous, respectful, diligent, loyal
2) li - sense of propriety, treat all humans with courtesy, especially elders
3) xiao - filial piety, respect for parents, high significance of family

9
Q

What accounted for Confucianism’s longevity and influence?

A

It was flexible and could be applied to later problems; very generalized.

10
Q

Who was Mencius?

A

He was the most learned man of his age; principal spokesman for the Confucian school.

11
Q

What value did Mencius especially emphasize?

A

Ren.

Light taxes, avoid words, support education, and encouraged harmony and cooperation.

12
Q

What was Mencius’s personality?

A

He was very optimistic and ideal; little practical effect during his lifetime, but influence over long term.

13
Q

Who was Xunzi?

A

He served as government administration.

14
Q

What was Mencius’s personality?

A

He was more practical than Mencius; he believed that humans selfishly pursued their own interest; resisted voluntary contribution to society. He was also optimistic and thought it was possible to improve humans and restore order to society.

15
Q

What value did Xunzi emphasize?

A

Li.

16
Q

What was Daoism?

A

Understood natural principles that governed world and lived in harmony with them.

17
Q

Who was Laozi?

A

Founder of Daoism

18
Q

What was the Daodejing?

A

“classic of the way and of virtue”

basic exposition of Daoist beliefs; contributed to by several hands

19
Q

What were the two most important works of Daoism?

A

Daodejing

Zhuangzi - written by person named Zhuanzi

20
Q

How did the three schools of thought: Confucianism, Daoism, and Legalism emerge?

A

Times of turmoil forced people to reflect on nature of society and proper roles of humans and encouraged cultural creativity.

21
Q

What does is the central concept of Daoism?

A

Central concept is dao, meaning “the way of nature”

22
Q

Is the dao spoken in positive or negative terms? Why?

A

Negative. Dao does nothing yet accomplishes everything. It represents water and the cavity of a pot.

23
Q

What are the Dao’s beliefs?

A

That humans should retreat from i garment with politics and admin, live a simple life, and live in harmony with dao and the world.

24
Q

What is wuwei?

A

chief moral virtue; a trait of disengagement from competetive and active involvements in world affairs

25
Q

Did Dao’s promote or refrain from advanced education?

A

Refrained from advanced education.

26
Q

What was the Dao’s ideal government?

A

The less gov the better; tiny self sufficient communities with no desire to conquer or trade.

27
Q

Who had mocked who for not practicing wuwei?

A

Zhuangzi mocked Confucians

28
Q

What was the primary goal of legalists?

A

Only sought to strengthen state and expand at all costs.

29
Q

Who was Shang Yang?

A

The most notable of the men in which Legalists doctrine had emerged from; served as chief minister to duke of Qin state.

30
Q

How did Shang Yang die?

A

His enemies executed him with the death of his patron.

31
Q

Who was Han Feizi

A

Most systematic of the Legalists theorists

32
Q

Who was Han Feizi a student of?

A

Confucian scholar Xunzi

33
Q

How did Han Feizi die?

A

Fell afoul ambitious men who forced him to drink poison.

34
Q

The Legalists doctrine

A

Any job besides cultivation or military service was useless

35
Q

Who was the first Qin dynasty emperor?

A

Qin Shihuangdi; had proclaimed himself as emperor.

36
Q

Where was the capital city of Qin dynasty?

A

Xianyang

37
Q

How did Qin prevent rebellions?

A

Disarmed regional military forces

38
Q

What did Qin do to deal with criticism?

A

Executed all who criticized regime. Also burned all books of philosophy, lit, etc.

39
Q

Who was the founder of the Early Han dynasty?

A

Liu Bang

40
Q

What are the capitals of Former Han and Later Han, respectively?

A

Chang’an

Luoyang

41
Q

What material was mostly used as building material during early Han dynasty?

A

Wood.

42
Q

How did Liu Bang govern his empire?

A

Divided empire into admin districts, and allotted large landholdings to imperial family so they would provide reliable network for his rule

43
Q

What lesson did Liu Bang learn in an attack from nomadic Xiongnu?

A

That he could not rely on family; after that he used centralized imperial court.

44
Q

Who was the dynasty’s greatest emperor?

A

Han Wudi

energetic

45
Q

What did the Han establish monopolies on?

A

Iron and salt.

46
Q

What was the difference in opinion between Han Wudi and Liu Bang?

A

Liu Bang cared little for learning, but Han Wudi established imperial university prepping young men for gov.

47
Q

What countries that the Han empire invaded drew educational inspiration from Confucianism?

A

Northern Vietnam and Korea.

48
Q

Who was Maodun?

A

Most successful leader of the Xiongnu

49
Q

Who was Ban Zhao?

A

The most famous woman scholar in chinese history; wrote Lessons for Women

50
Q

What industry entered very rapid growth in Former Han?

A

iron industry

*emperor Han Wudi had created 46 regional offices to supervise iron production