Chapter 9

Question 1

EXPLAIN

What is the chemical name of the only alcohol fit for human consumption?

Answer 1

Ethyl Alcohol or Ethanol

Question 2

DEFINE

Percentage Alcohol

aka Alcohol by volume

Answer 2

The amount of alcohol in grams per 100mL of solution

Question 3

DEFINE

Proof of Alcohol

Answer 3

Percentage of alcohol x 2

Question 4

DEFINE

Fermentation

Answer 4

When yeast consumes starch and sugars from grains or fruit to produce beer or wine

upper limit of 15% alcohol production

Question 5

DEFINE

Distillation

Answer 5

The process of separating the alcohol from the fermented liquid

Can have alcohol content of 20-95%

Question 6

DEFINE

One Standard Drink

Answer 6

**equivalent to 14g of 100% alcohol **

1.5oz of 40% alcohol
12oz of beer (4.5% alcohol)
5oz of wine (12% alcohol)

Question 7

EXPLAIN

What is the low-risk alcohol drinking guidelines?

Answer 7

1 to 2 standard drinks per week

Question 8

DEFINE

Heavy drinking

Answer 8

more than 4-5 drinks on one occasion atleast once a month in the past year

Question 9

EXPLAIN

What is Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome?

Answer 9

“Alcholic Dementia”

difficulty with memory, movement, vision and coordniation

Question 10

EXPLAIN

What causes Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome?

Answer 10

deficiency of B1/Thiamine due to alcohol affecting its absorption

Question 11

EXPLAIN

How is blood-alcohol concentration calculated?

Answer 11

Grams of alcohol per 100mL of blood

Question 12

EXPLAIN

What BAC is considered legally intoxicated?

Answer 12

0.08%

Question 13

EXPLAIN

Where is alcohol metabolized?

Answer 13

In stomach and liver; Uses ALdehyde DeHydrogenase

Question 14

EXPLAIN

How does the metabolism power of CYP2E1 change between naive drinkers and chronic drinkers?

Answer 14

CYP2E1 does limited metabolism in infrequent drinkers, but increases with use allowing chronic users to consume more

Question 15

LIST

What are some drug interactions of Alcohol?

Answer 15

Aspirin + Stomach Acid Reducers: Inhibits Alcohol Dehydrogenase
Chlorpropamide + Some antibiotics: Inhibits Acetaldehyde Dehydrogenase
Acetaminophen + Some antibiotics: Metabolized by CYP2E1 (reduces its availability to metabolize alcohol)

Question 16

EXPLAIN

How is alcohol excreted?

Answer 16

Lungs (5% consumed exhaled in pure form)
Liver

Question 17

EXPLAIN

At what rate is alcohol excreted from our systems?

Answer 17

Eliminated at a constant rate of 1/2 oz of 100% alcohol an hour until all available enzymes are saturated

once saturated, remaining alcohol is eliminated in half lives (~4 hours)

Question 18

LIST

What neurotransmitters play a role in alcohol actions?

Answer 18

• GABA
• Glutamate
• Endogenous Opiods
• Dopamine
• Serotonin
• Endocannabinoids

Question 19

LIST

What receptor locations dictate depressing effects from alcohol?

Answer 19

• Cerebral Cortex
• Hippocampus
• Thalamus

Question 20

LIST

What receptor locations dictate rewarding effects from alcohol?

Answer 20

• Nucleus Accumbens
• Ventral Tegmental Area

Question 21

EXPLAIN

What is alcohol’s affect on GABAa receptors?

Answer 21

• Acts as a positive modulator
• Inhibits activity in hippocampus, thalamus and cerebral cortex
• Exhibits rewarding effects in nucleus accumbens

Question 22

EXPLAIN

What is alcohol’s affect on glutamate receptors?

Answer 22

• Inhibits NMDA glutamate receptors
• Chronic use results in upregulation of NMDA receptors

Question 23

EXPLAIN

What is alcohol’s affect on Calcium channels?

Answer 23

Inhibits vasopressin release

(go piss girl neurotransmitter)

Question 24

EXPLAIN

How can chronic light consumption of alcohol be beneficial?

Answer 24

• Increases HDL (Benefical cholesterol)
• Reduces clots
• Reduces pro-inflammatory signalling in blood vessels (Less inflamation)
• Decrease in certain heart conditions*

*includes stroke, Ischemia, heart attack, heart disorders

Question 25

# DEFINE Alcohol Myopia

Answer 25

state of impaired cognitive processing; leads individuals to focus disproportionately on immediate, salient cues while neglecting long-term consequences

Question 26

# DEFINE Alcohol Priming

Answer 26

The tendency for individuals to feel an urge to continue drinking after having already consumed 1 or 2 drinks

Question 27

# EXPLAIN At what blood alcohol content does alcohol stupor occur? | disorientation, dulled senses, poor cognitive functioning

Answer 27

0.20%

Question 28

# EXPLAIN At what blood alcohol content does Reversible drug-induced dementia occur? | AKA: blackouts

Answer 28

0.25%

Question 29

# EXPLAIN At what blood alcohol content can alcohol poisoning begin to occur at?

Answer 29

0.25%

Question 30

# DEFINE Alcoholic Cardomyopathy

Answer 30

Low cardiac output due to dilation of heart chambers caused by chronic heavy drinking

Question 31

# DEFINE Holiday Heart Syndrome

Answer 31

Cardiac arrhythmias occurs after acute heavy drinking episode

Question 32

# LIST Risks to the heart from alcohol use

Answer 32

* **Ischemia** * **Stroke** * **Heart attack** * **Hypertension**

Question 33

# LIST Risks to the liver from alcohol use | may be referred to as hepatic

Answer 33

* **Alcoholic fatty liver disease** * **Hepatisis** (inflammation of liver) * **Fibrosis** (Scarring of liver) * **Cirrohosis** (Chronic liver disease, characterized by poor liver functioning)

Question 34

# EXPLAIN What is Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder?

Answer 34

A developmental disorder characterised by physical and neurological abnormalities due to exposure to alcohol in the womb

Question 35

# LIST What are the diagnostic criteria for FASD?

Answer 35

* Slow growth * Abnormal face features (Small eyes, smooth philtrum, thin upper lip) * Central nervous system abnormalities

Question 35

# LIST What are the 4 types of tolerance to alcohol?

Answer 35

1. **Acute Tolerance**: behavioural effects less noticable upon BAC decline 2. **Metabolic Tolerance**: Alcohol dehydrogenase upregulated in the liver 3. **Pharmacodynamic Tolerance**: Upregulation of NMDA receptor 4. **Behavioural Tolerance**: reduced behavioural effects

Question 36

# LIST What are the 2 types of alcohol use disorders? | classified simply as Alcohol use disorder in DSM-V

Answer 36

**Type I**: 25+ year olds at psychosocial risk of addiction **Type II**: People under 25 who are at high genetic risk for addiction and poor impulse control

Question 37

# LIST What are the 4 stages of alcohol withdrawal?

Answer 37

**Stage 1:** Tremors, rapid heartrate, sweating, loss of appetite, insomina **Stage 2:** hallucinations **Stage 3:** Delusions, disorientation, delirium **Stage 4:** Seizures