Chapter 9 Flashcards by Sarah Kleban

extinction provides ________ and _______

flexibility and adaption

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2 approaches to extinction

classical conditioning:
- acquisition: CS + US —- CR
- Extinction: remove US
- results: decrease responding

instrumental conditioning:
- acquisition: response —- reinforcement
- extinction: remove reinforcer
- result: decrease responding

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T/F: extinction is forgetting

FALSE

extinction is NOT forgetting, rather an active process by pairing CS or response with an absence of outcome

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extinction effects (early, late and final response):

early:
- multiple attempts (mistyped passcode, try same one again)

late:
- increase response variability (try different passcode)

final:
- responding decreases (stop trying)

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neuringer et. al. 2001 experiment for extinction

subject: 2 groups of rats in skinner box
response requirement: 3 responses for reinforcement
- left lever
- right
- spinner

training:
- group 1: sequence of 3, must vary/reinforces creativity/variability
- group 2: yoked to group 1 reinforcers, any combo of 3 of their choosing, more stereotyped responding

extinction phase:
- reinforcement removed for both groups

results of reinforcement:
- yoked rats responded slightly faster (easier response)
- reinforcing variability increased variable responses

results of extinction:
- both groups increased variability
- eventually both stop responding

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what was missing in the neuringer et. al. 2001 experiment for extinction

burst of responding at beginning oof extinction

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what emotion does extinction elicit?

frustration

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although extinction produces important behavioral and emotional effects, it does not reverse …

acquisition

CS-US relationship is still maintained, but extinction is an additional process that co-exists

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4 acquisition supported phenomena

spontaneous recovery

renewal

reinstatement

sensitivity to devaluation

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spontaneous recovery

the learned response returns after a delay

TIME is key word, passage of time needed for this to occur

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Rescorla spontaneous recovery experiment

classical conditioning

acquisition of tracking
- ex. CS (noise) — US (sucrose) ~ 32 head poke entries

extinction
- 32 extinction trials (noise with no sucrose/CS without US)

4 test trials (2 groups)
- immediately (no rest)
- after 8 days of rest (rest)

results
- extinction decreases responding
- low responding persists in No rest
- CS: rest produces spontaneous recovery

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renewal

recovery of behavior when contextual cues present during extinction are changed

CONTEXT being the key word

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2 things to look for in renewal

how does renewal confirm if acquisition remains
means in terms of exposure/behavioral therapy

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bouton and king, 1983, study about renewal

phase 1: conditioning in context A (skinner box with lights and rose scent)
- lever press for food
- tone (CS) paired with foot shock (US)
- condition suppression/suppression ratio approaching 0 = fearful
- tone = low lever pressing

phase 2: extinction procedure (3 groups)
- group 1: CS extinction in context A (extinguishing fear of tone in context A)
- group 2: CS extinction in context B (extinguishinig fear of tone in context B)
- group 3: no extinction (NE)

test:
- 4 trials with CS in original context A
- measure conditioned suppression (0 = fear, 0.5 = no fear)

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results of bouton and king, 1983, study about renewal

conditioning suppressed lever pressing
extinction reduced suppression

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what happened in bouton and king study when tested in original context (A)

when tested in original context (A):
1. NE demonstrate suppression
2. extinction A maintain responding
3. extinction B show renewal of suppression

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memory of extinction is specific to ____ present during extinction

cues; big problem in exposure therapy!

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renewal example in clinical settings

extinct the fear of riding elevators using the science four elevator but it the fear renews when riding an elevator in a tall NYC building

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if we renew a subject back to the extinction context, extinction can quickly be _______!

restored

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reinstatement

recovery of responding to an extinguished stimulus produced by exposure to the original US or reinforcer

key words being exposure to original US or reinforcer

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reinstatement study by LaBar and Phelps, 1983

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subjects: yale undergrads

phase 1: acquisition - 4 trials
- CS: blue square on screen
- US: loud pulsating noise burst
- CR: skin conductance (sweat)

phase 2: extinction procedure
- CS, no US

phase 3: reinstatement - 4 trials and 2 separate groups
- US alone in extinction context
- US alone in different context

test: testing skin conductance to CS in acquisition context

reinstatement study by LaBar and Phelps, 1983 results

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results: (not as simple as you think)

acquisition: skin conductance (SCR) to CS increases over training
extinction: SCR decreases with CS alone
Test:
- reinstatement noise bursts (US) in acquisition/extinction context reinstates SCR to CS in test
- reinstatement does not occur if noise burst US is given in different context

real world example of reinstatement

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seeing an ex-girlfriend in the same city where you guys dated will increase the likelihood of you rekindling the romance

in acquisition for Pavlovian conditioning, what associations drive responding?

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S-S

T/F: in acquisition for instrumental conditioning, all associations contribute to responding

true; S-O, S-R, and R-O

in extinction, what associations are the most important?

S-R

non-reinforcement produces an _______ S-R associatioin

inhibitory

non-reinforcement in the presence of specific stimuli or environments (S) inhibits ...

responding (R)

for renewal, the extinction context is often the ...

specific stimulus (S)

the inhibitory S-R relationship depends upon __________ ________ of organism

reinforcement history

_________ produces an inhibitory S-R relationship

frustration; "why try"

according to the summation test, does A inhibit responding to B? train: A+/B+ extinguish: A- Test: AB

YES

according to the retardation of acquisition test, does A inhibit reacquisition? train: A+ extinguish: A- Test: A+

YES

spot check: extensive reinforcement training should slow the rate of extinction: true or false?

false

spot check: responding declines more rapidly in extinction following reinforcement with a larger reinforcer: true or false

true

spot check: continuous reinforcement produces more resistance to extinction than partial reinforcement: true or false

false

paradox

a true statement that contradicts intuition

Does more extensive training produce resistance to extinction?

overtraining

if decreased responding is due to frustration of unexpected lack of reinforcement, more rapid extinction should occur when expectancy is higher

Does responding decrease more rapidly in extinction following training with a larger reinforcement?

YES

magnitude reinforcement extinction effect

more rapid extinction should occur when reinforcer expectancy is larger

Partial reinforcement extinction effect (PREE)

extinction is slower if partial rather than continuous reinforcement was previously in effect ex. will stop trying to use an ATM (continuous reinforcement) if it doesn't work quicker than stop playing roulette (partial reinforcement)

using the PREE, what should you do to prevent tantrums as well as reversing tantrum development?

if acquired behavior and goal to extinct it as soon as possible, go through crash and burn: - expect it so the first time they do not receive it they lose their minds, second time is just angry and by the third they will be ok

3 hypotheses/mechanisms of PREE

discrimination hypothesis frustration hypothesis sequential hypothesis

Mechanism of PREE: discrimination hypothesis

introduction of extinction is easier to detect after continuous reinforcement vs. partial reinforcement

Mechanism of PREE: frustration hypothesis

persistence in extinction results from learning to respond when you anticipate you will be non-reinforced or frustrated dependent upon intermittent reinforcement in training/acquisition (refer to image) non-reinforcement trials leads to a **subconscious expectation** (key word) of an eventual reinforcer, even in the face of extinction

Mechanism of PREE: sequential hypothesis

subjects remember rewarded trials followed by non-rewarded trials and the **memory of the non-rewarded trials** serve as cure for the next reward the **explicit memory** creates a "it's got to happen sooner or later" idea

what is the hypothesis that is NOT a paradoxical reinforcement effect

behavioral momentum hypothesis

NOT a paradoxical reinforcement effect, postulates persistence in extinction may represent resistance to change suggests that behavior with momentum is difficult to stop ex. drug addiction is a behavior too much momentum

spot check: a rat has been trained to lever press for food reinforcement on a continuous schedule of reinforcement. If the rat is allowed to lever press but food is suddenly no longer provided, what will happen first? the rat twill increase the variability of his responses the rat will increase its response rate the rat will learn the lever and food are no longer associated the ratt will reduce its response rate

the rat will increase its response rate; although continuous reinforcement = faster extinction, we still stick to the rules of extinction with an increase of behavior first

Chapter 9 Flashcards

(50 cards)