Population change
Increase or decrease in size of a population. It’s equal to (Births + Immigration) - (Deaths + Emigration).
Birth rate (crude birth rate)
Annual number of live births per 1,000 people in the population of a geographic area at the midpoint of a given year.
Death rate (crude death rate)
Annual number of deaths per 1,000 people in the population of a geographic area at the midpoint of a given year.
Fertility
Number of births that occur to an individual women.
Replacement-level fertility
Number of children a couple must have to replace them. The average for a country or the world usually is slightly higher than 2 children per couple because some children die before they reach their reproductive years.
Total fertility rate
Estimate of the average number of children who will be born alive to a woman during her lifetime if she passes through all her child bearing years conforming to age-specific fertility rates of a given year. More simply, it is an estimate of the average number of children a woman will have during her childbearing years.
Baby boom
A temporary marked increase in the birth rate.
Baby bust
A temporary marked decrease in the birth rate.
Life expectancy
Average number of years a newborn infant can be expected to live.
Infant mortality rate
Number of babies out of every 1,000 born each year who die before their first birthday.
Environmental refugees
Those people who have been forced to leave their traditional habitat temporarily or permanently, because of a marked environmental disruption that jeopardizes their existence and/or seriously affected the quality of their life.
Age structure diagrams
percentage of the population (or number of people of each sex) at each age level in a population.
Developed country
Country that is highly industrialized and has a high per capita GPD.
Developing country
Country that has a low to moderate industrialization and low to moderate per capita GPD.
Demographic transition
Hypothesis that countries, as they become industrialized, have declines in death rates followed by birth rates.
Preindustrial stage
the first stage of the demographic transition model, characterized by conditions that defined most of human history. In pre-industrial societies, both death rates and birth rates are high.
Transitional stage
the second stage of the demographic transition model, which occurs during the transition from the pre-industrial stage to the industrial stage. It is characterized by declining death rates but continued high birth rates.
Industrial stage
decline in birth rate, population growth slows
Postindustrial stage
the fourth and final stage of the demographic transition model, in which both birth and death rates have fallen to a low level and remain stable there, and populations may even decline slightly
Family planning
Providing information, clinical services, and contraceptives to help people choose the number and spacing of children they want to have.
Gender imbalance
The proportion of males to females in a given population, usually expressed as the number of males per 100 females.