Chapter 9 Flashcards Preview

AP Evironmental Science > Chapter 9 > Flashcards

Flashcards in Chapter 9 Deck (21)
Loading flashcards...
1
Q

Population change

A

Increase or decrease in size of a population. It’s equal to (Births + Immigration) - (Deaths + Emigration).

2
Q

Birth rate (crude birth rate)

A

Annual number of live births per 1,000 people in the population of a geographic area at the midpoint of a given year.

3
Q

Death rate (crude death rate)

A

Annual number of deaths per 1,000 people in the population of a geographic area at the midpoint of a given year.

4
Q

Fertility

A

Number of births that occur to an individual women.

5
Q

Replacement-level fertility

A

Number of children a couple must have to replace them. The average for a country or the world usually is slightly higher than 2 children per couple because some children die before they reach their reproductive years.

6
Q

Total fertility rate

A

Estimate of the average number of children who will be born alive to a woman during her lifetime if she passes through all her child bearing years conforming to age-specific fertility rates of a given year. More simply, it is an estimate of the average number of children a woman will have during her childbearing years.

7
Q

Baby boom

A

A temporary marked increase in the birth rate.

8
Q

Baby bust

A

A temporary marked decrease in the birth rate.

9
Q

Life expectancy

A

Average number of years a newborn infant can be expected to live.

10
Q

Infant mortality rate

A

Number of babies out of every 1,000 born each year who die before their first birthday.

11
Q

Environmental refugees

A

Those people who have been forced to leave their traditional habitat temporarily or permanently, because of a marked environmental disruption that jeopardizes their existence and/or seriously affected the quality of their life.

12
Q

Age structure diagrams

A

percentage of the population (or number of people of each sex) at each age level in a population.

13
Q

Developed country

A

Country that is highly industrialized and has a high per capita GPD.

14
Q

Developing country

A

Country that has a low to moderate industrialization and low to moderate per capita GPD.

15
Q

Demographic transition

A

Hypothesis that countries, as they become industrialized, have declines in death rates followed by birth rates.

16
Q

Preindustrial stage

A

the first stage of the demographic transition model, characterized by conditions that defined most of human history. In pre-industrial societies, both death rates and birth rates are high.

17
Q

Transitional stage

A

the second stage of the demographic transition model, which occurs during the transition from the pre-industrial stage to the industrial stage. It is characterized by declining death rates but continued high birth rates.

18
Q

Industrial stage

A

decline in birth rate, population growth slows

19
Q

Postindustrial stage

A

the fourth and final stage of the demographic transition model, in which both birth and death rates have fallen to a low level and remain stable there, and populations may even decline slightly

20
Q

Family planning

A

Providing information, clinical services, and contraceptives to help people choose the number and spacing of children they want to have.

21
Q

Gender imbalance

A

The proportion of males to females in a given population, usually expressed as the number of males per 100 females.