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Ecology and DESIGN > chapter 9 > Flashcards

chapter 9 Flashcards

1
Q

Embodied Energy

A

9.
The total amount of energy a raw material creates from its origin and manufacture, transportation, construction, use and maintenance, and demolition.

Two Types:
1. Initial Energy –> Direct and Indirect

  1. Recurring Energy
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2
Q

Initial Energy

A

9.
non-renewable energy from raw materials.

Direct: Energy that YOU create by fossil fuels. transportation, construction installation.

Indirect: acquire, process, manufacture.

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3
Q

Recurring Energy

A

9.
non-renewable energy after the installation of material such as maintenance, restoration, repair, restore, replace. Occurs for a long period of time.

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4
Q

Embodied Energy: Represented and General Rules

A

9.
Represented: Megajoules
- Cellulose insulation: 963 MJ EE
- fiberglass insulation 24 780 MJ EE

General Rules:

  • If highly process = high embodied energy
  • Keep/buy heavy materials locally
  • source lightweight materials globally (less transportation gas)
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5
Q

Performance over lifetime

A

9.

a design that’s able to last a long period of time and capable to adapt (resilient)

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6
Q

Availability

A

9.

“futurity” consider resources for future generations.

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7
Q

Recycling or repurposing potential

A

9.

  • refurbishment of isolated material
  • deconstruction and disassembly
  • source suppliers sell back to them
  • design for flexibility and design adaptatin
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8
Q

Life Cycle Assessment

A

9.
Evaluates environmental burdens with product, process, or activity

  • identify and quantify energy and material wastes.
  • assess impact on environment.
  • identify and evaluate opportunists to improve environment.

Parameters: material use, embodied energy, C02 emissions, air pollution, water pollution, environmental cost.

4 choices after life

  1. 100% reuse
  2. partial reuse
  3. breakdown (upcycle/reycle)
  4. demolition/disposal
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9
Q

Cradle-to-Grave

A

9.
A life cycle assessment. The raw material is extracted from its source and once the product is done doing its current job it gets disposed in the landfill immediately

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10
Q

Cradle-to-Cradle

A 
9.
A life cycle assessment. 
Hannover principles
Cherry Tree Analogy
Cradle to Cradle Philosohy
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11
Q

Hannover Principle

A

9.

  1. rights for human and nature to co-exist
  2. respect relationship of spirit and manner
  3. eliminate the concept of waste
  4. rely on natural energy flow
  5. take responsibility for design consequences
  6. Understand limitations of design
  7. seek constant improvement by sharing knowledge
  8. create safe objects for long-term use
  9. recognize interdependence
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12
Q

Cherry Tree Analogy

A

9.
environment nutrients -> tree blossoms -> Fruit for animals/humans and through pit on ground –> take root and grow –> decomposes nutrients -> nourishes microorganisms/insects/plants/animals/ soil (CYCLE BACK TO TOP)

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13
Q

Cradle to Cradle Philosophy

A

9.
biological nutrient: material/product that RETURNS to natural biological cycle and consumed by insects/plants/animals.

Technical nutrient: harvesting material from natural place and remains in a closed-loop system of manufacture, reuse, maintaining life cycle through infinite prouct life cycle.

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14
Q

Evaluating Sustainability - Sustainability

A

8.
positive social and economic development on a long-term basis within the framework of the carrying capacity of the earth’s ecosystems. Cannot be precisely defined (dyamic process). Everything evolves.

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15
Q

Evaluating Sustainability - Green product certifications

A 
8.
1990 - BREEAM
2000 - USGBC developed LEED
2000's - GBI
2005 - Green globes
now: 600 green product certifications in the world
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16
Q

Evaluating Sustainability - 3 components

A

8.

3 components; society, ecology, economy.

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17
Q

Evaluating Sustainability - 3 important factors

A

8.

  1. many ways to approach sustainbility. always evolving rapidly.
  2. data and measurements are crucial (but are insufficient alone)
  3. develop guidance: to simplify choosing right methods and approaches for different purposes, and make their use more effective in promoting sustainability.
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18
Q

Evaluating Sustainability - design drivers

A

8.

  1. Understanding and identifying the project drivers
  2. Setting goals (quantitative and qualitive)
  3. Determining what the desired outcomes are
  4. What are the metrics for success
  5. Create frameworks and action plans that organize the approach
  6. Identify design strategies to achieve the above
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19
Q

Goal based System - Living Building Challenge

A
  1. 7 performance goals (SWEHM EB): site, water, energy, health, materials, equity, beauty.

3 envisioning future: Socially just, culturally rich, ecologically restorative.

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20
Q

Goal based System - One planet living

A

8.
Vision: people enjoy happy, healthy lives within their fair sare of the earth’s resources, leaving space for wildlife and wilderness.

How: uses ecological foot printing and carbon foot printing as its headline indicators.

10 principles: Health and happiness, equity and local economy, culture and community, land se and wildlife, sustainable water, local and sustainable food, sustainable materials, sustainable transport, zero waste, zero carbon.

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21
Q

Green rating systems - LEED

A
  • 2009 criteria finalised
  • voluntary certification

what: relates to subdivision, zoning, public works in communities.

Does not: site, culture, local conditions, adaptation over time

cons: only about the building specifically. few tools to support urban designers.

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22
Q

Green rating systems - BREEAM

A

8.

  • first established
  • encompasses ENTIRE life cycle
  • Applies to ANY building type (large, small, new, existing, old)
  • regular updates: to improve sustainability, responds to industry feedback, support UK’s strategies and refurbishment.
10 categories (EH I'm MPT.ww + L)
Energy, health, innovation, materials, management, transport, water, waste, Land use.
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23
Q

Green rating systems - DGNB

A

8.
concept: quality assessed over entire life cycle. Goes beyond 3 pillars.

  • applied internationally. Can meet country specifications since FLEXIBLE.
  • assesses: buildings and urban districts committed to sustainability
  • covers: environment, economy, socioculture, functional aspects, technology, processes and site.
  • 6 categories: environment quality, economic quality, sociocultural quality, technical quality, process quality, site quality.
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24
Q

Passive house (Definition)

A

7.
Passive house controls the thermal comfort of the inside air quality by using passive heating and passive cooling methods. Passive house saves up to 90% of energy comapred to conventional houses. The 10% of energy needed comes from body heat, appliances, and even the TV. the house cannot leak 0.6 times the house volume per hour.

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25
Q

Passive house (Principles)

A

7.

  1. solar orientation and compact form
  2. super insulation
  3. airtighness
  4. <75% heat recovery
  5. high comfort leves
  6. low primary energy
  7. pv panels
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26
Q

Passive house fundamentals

A

(7) P S S S A A V V T
1. Pre planning
2. solar exposure
3. efficient shape
4. super insultion
5. air tightness
6. advanced windows
7. ventilation heat recovery
8. ventilation air pre-heating
9. no thermal bridging

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27
Q

Passive house (different climates?)

A

e

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28
Q

Passive house (Technical details?)

A

e

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29
Q

Net Zero (Definition)

A

(7)
Total amout of energy used by building on an annual basis is roughly energy created on site. Still connected to grid as a storage mechanism.

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30
Q

Net zero (advantages)

A

(7)

  • comfort -> unifrom interior temperature
  • reduced cost of ownership an living
  • reuced risk of blackout
  • value of building increases when energy goes up for other buildings.
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31
Q

Net Zero (disadvantages)

A

(7)

  • initial cost is higher
  • lots of effort to understand
  • few qualified desginers
  • may demand energy occassionally.
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32
Q

Net Zero objectives

A

(7)

  • develop common understanding
  • harmonized international definition
  • design process tools
  • advanced building and technology design
  • industry guidelines for net ZEBS
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33
Q

Net zero challenges

A

(7)

  • building codes and refulations
  • increase cost of conventional energy
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34
Q

Net zero envelope measures

A

(7)

  1. use natural daylight by correctly orienting building
  2. skylights (winter)
  3. use shading techniques (summer: trees, overhangs)
  4. Increase r-value in insulation (winter)
  5. optimize surface performance
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35
Q

Net zero: how to make use of heat energy that conventional buildings usually exhaust out?

A

(7)

  1. lighting efficient
  2. water heat pump efficient
  3. outdoor air ventilation inside building if temperatures are mild.
  4. condition outdoor air
  5. HVAC efficient if in ground source heating system
  6. building operator and occupant training in energy efficient building operation.
36
Q

Net zero Seasonal thermal energy storage (STES)

A
  • Summer cooling: stroing the cold of sinter underground
  • To cope with fluctuations: when connected to electricity grid: export electricity to the grid when there is a surplus, and drawing electricity when not enough electricity is being produced.
37
Q

Net zero renewable energy measures

A

(7)

  1. Solar hot water collection
  2. photo-voltaic panels
  3. wind electrical generators
  4. biomass
  5. geothermal
38
Q

Passive house vs Net Zero House

A

(7)
Passive: achieves minimum amount of energy used to heat/cool house

Net Zero: generates as much energy as it uses in a year.

39
Q

Environmental value system

A

(6)
a particular world view or set of paradigm that shapes the way individuals perceive and evaluate the environmental issues.

  • Inputs: cultural factors (religion, economic, socio-political). community factors (family, life expectancy education)
  • outputs: decisions, perspectives, and actions (determined by processing of the inputs)
40
Q

Eco-centrism

A

(6)
Eco-centrism: nature-centered, holistic view of the world. Proposes that humans no little about the complex relationships so we don’t have ability to manage environment. Gives moral priorioty to the species and ecosystems rather then the individuals that compose them.

Biocentrism: place value on both biotic and abiotic ecosystem components. All living things are equally important. The values, rights, and survivial of individual organic being. ZOOMED IN.

Deep ecology: Bio centrism with strong social emphasis. Firt used by Arnes Naess. All ecosystems have rights that humans shouldn’t interfere with.

41
Q

Anthrocentrism

A

(6)
human centered. humans are the main value of the earth, others have value but only as instruments for humans. Our only ethical duty is towards humans.

42
Q

Technocentrism

A

(6) technology centered
Technology can solve any environmental issue on a small to large scale.

Cornucopians:

  • extreme technocentrism
  • world has infinite resources to benefit humans
  • thinks there’s always a solution to a problem.

Stewards of Environmental Managers:

  • “soft” technocentrism
  • belief: if humans take care of earth, earth will take care of them.
  • humans are most important but there is ethical obligations to care for the rest of nature.
  • the future of humans depends on how well we manage the earth.
43
Q

Ecocentrism, Anthrocentrism, and technocentrism response to climate change

A

Ecocentrism:

  • Travel by bike
  • Avoid plane travel
  • Turn off lights regularly
  • Live in shared household
  • Grown own food

Anthrocenrtrism:

  • Raising taxes on fuel
  • Wait for policy to change to enforce use of clean energy
  • Advocate for carbon tax

Technocentrism

  • Renewable energy such as solar panels
  • Research technology solutions to remove carbon ioxide from atmosphere
  • Suggest we adapt to new global climate
44
Q

Performative design

A

(3)

  • Environment Responsive design + Energy resource council = Performative design
  • Goal is to create a comfortable environment for the occupant by usin a combination of passive and active stratgies (hybrid design).
  • Passive: ambient energy sources
  • Active: mechanical energy sources
  • Performative goals diagram allows one ot follow the steps to using the environmental resources such as helliological, aerological, hydrological, biilogical, geological features.
45
Q

Passive heating (overall terms)

A

(3)
uses sun and not mechanical methods to keep occupants comfortable.

  1. Direct Solar Gain: collect and contain sun heat.
  2. Massing and Orientation: use efficient shape. orient along east-west. Put windows on south, limit others.
  3. Materials and orientation: put windows and materials on south with high thermal mass.
  4. Trombe wall: 20-40cm dark wall. 2-15cm space. double glazed glass. Different types: with overhang, with extra space, with ventilation through.
  5. Thermal mass: a material that absorbs and doesn’t quickly change temperature.
    - Insulation:
    - Thermal Lag: re-radiates heat at night.
    - Rules:1. chose right type of thermal mass. 2. 6”1 surface to glass ratio. 3. 100mm is most effective. 4. insulation 5. locate on interior partition.
  6. Shading techniques: for windows to remove summer sun heat from entering.
46
Q

Passive cooling (overall)

A

(3)
-Natural ventilation: air to cool and ventilate building. Cross: windows on oppostie side of building. Stack: because of air pressure rising to top of building. Air moves from bottom to top as it gets hotter and escapes.

  • Air cooling: for hot dry climates. Evaporative: air moves across pond, mist, or large vegetation and cools a couple degrees before entering building. Geothermal: air travels in underground pipes then enters buidling.
  • Shading and solar control: large window one sie, small window other side.
  • Massing an orientation: thin and tall
  • Aperatures for cooling
47
Q

Climate and Site Analysis - site considerations

A

(3)

  • climate
  • buildings immediate surroundings
  • location in the context of city
48
Q

Climate and Site Analysis - Climate zones: microclimates

A

(3)
- Microclimates: small areas that have a variety of different climate characterstics. ex: San fransisco is muggy and sunny in some areas.

49
Q

Climate and Site Analysis - Temperatures

A

(3)
Dry bulb: temperture of ait that does not consider moisture. measured in celcious or farenheight. measured with thermometer.

Wet bulb: air temperature takes into consideration the cooling potential and evaporation. Measured by exposing a moistened thermometer bulb to air flow. Depends on humidity in air.

TOGETHER: descrbies humidity.

50
Q

Climate and Site Analysis - Reading a temperature chart

A

(3)

can help with design decisions.

51
Q

Climate and Site Analysis - Solar position

A

(3)One of the most CRUCUAL environmental factors to understand when designing high performance design.

altitue: vertical angle the sun makes
azimuth: horizontal angle of sun

solistices: study the extremes of the sun’s position
The equinoxes: study average sun position

Winter studies: how to maximize sun to warm . building
Summer studies: how to minimize sun to cool building.

52
Q

Climate and Site Analysis - Reading sun path diagrams

A

(3)

  1. Locate the required hour line on the diagram
  2. Locate the reuired data line, remembering that solid are used for Jan-June and dottred line fore July-Dec
  3. Find the intersection point of the hour and date lines. Remember to intersect sold with sold and dotted with dotted lines.
  4. Draw aline from the very ceter of the diagram, through the intersection point, our the perimeter of the diagram
  5. Read the aziumuty as an angle taen clockwise from the north,
  6. Trace a concentric circle around from the intersection point to the vertical north axis, on which is displayed the altitude angle.
  7. Interpolate between the concentric circle lines to find the altitude,
  8. This gives the position of the sun.
53
Q

Climate and Site Analysis - Sky conditions and precipitation

A

(3)

clouds: bloke and diffuse light.
precipitation: rain and snow affect many aspects of green buildings (thermal condition, daylightinh, solar power, production, rainwater harvesting)

54
Q

Climate and Site Analysis - wind and wind rose diagrams

A

(3)
Wind: provides natural ventilation to cool building.
- wind speed: changes throughout day and year.

Wind rose diagram: for wind speed, frequency, directionality.

55
Q

cycles

A

(2)

exchange of resources in a continuous cycle. regional and global scales.

56
Q

neworks

A

(2)

all living things are connected. depend on this web of life to survive.

57
Q

nested systems

A

(2)

58
Q

flow

A

(2)
continuous energy to survive. Each living thing passes there energy to another living thing. (plant -> mouse -> snake -> hawk)

59
Q

development

A

(2)
all life changes over time. animals develop, learn, adapt, evolve
ex: hummingbird and suckle

60
Q

dynamic balance

A

(2)
ecological communities have feedback loops so the community maintains steady state that also has conintual fluctuations. provides resilience

61
Q

Ecological hierarchy

A 
individual:
population:
community:
ecosystem:
landscape:
biome:
biosphere:
62
Q

biodiversity

A

species richness: number of species in community, landscape, ecosystem.

genetic diversity: each species should have a range of genes to ensure their survivial if a disturbance occurs. (ex: if virus breaks out maybe a couple people will survive)

ecosystem diversity: in habitat, their a diversity of environment factors for species to live there for multiple kinds.

63
Q

niche

A

(2)
the role and position a species has in its environment. how it meets its needs for food and shelter.

  • keystone species: other species largely depend on. If left, dramatic changes would occur. (ex: coyate)
  • generalist species: Can easily adapt if shift occurs. These species shift a numerous of times throughout life. They survive from meat and berries. (coyate)
  • Specialists: Very fragile if a shift in environment occurs. Cannot adapt (ex: panda).
64
Q

successioin

A

(2 - Ecosystem Change)

When one natural community changes into another over a time scale of years to centuries. Changes due to a disturbance,

65
Q

disturbance

A

(2 - Ecosystem Change)
a series of actions that alter the structure of populations, community, and ecosystems causes changes in resources or the physical environment.

66
Q

primary succession

A

(2 - Ecosystem Change)
a community is beginning to form in an open area (sand dune, bare rock, lave flow). the species are forming in an “clean slate”. This takes 100’s of years to form.

67
Q

secondary succession

A

(2 - Ecosystem Change)
community was disturbed by human or environmental force. Soil and seeds are still present in the area so the formation is much more rapid to form again. (Forest fire)

68
Q

ecosystem feedback

A

feedback loops:
negative feedback: The state of one element affects the other in the opposite direction. (state of predator kills off the community). These forces although balance each other out to form equilibrium in system.

positive feedback: A change in the ecosystem can create a rapid change within by driving the system outside it’s normal operating parameters. (Ex: absence of predators means the population of fishes can grow very large)

69
Q

provisioning services

A

(2 - Ecosystem Services)
Materials benefits
- food, raw materials (wood, biofuels, fibers), medicinal resources (plants, mushrooms)

70
Q

regulating services

A

(2 - Ecosystem Services) Maintaining quality of air, soil, flood, pollinating crops. Often invisible and usually taken for granted.

  • local climate air
  • carbon equestrian and storage
  • moderation of extreme events
  • water treatment
  • erosion prevention
  • pollination
  • biological control
  • regulation of water
71
Q

supporting services

A 
(2 - Ecosystem Services)
providing living space and maintains diversity of plants and animals.
- photosynthesis
- soil formation
- nutrient and water cycling
- habitat
- maintenance of genetic diversity
72
Q

cultural services

A

(2 - Ecosystem Services)

non-material benefits people obtain from ecosystem

73
Q

Ecology

A

(1)

74
Q

Environment

A

(1)

75
Q

Ernst Haekel

A

(1)
Studied a various amount of species and named them. He coined lots of terms as well.
oikos = ecology in greek
influenced by Charles Darwin

76
Q

Eugene Warming

A

(1)

Main founder of Ecology.

77
Q

Arthur Tansley

A

(1)

Made the definition popular.

78
Q

Interdisciplinary vs trans disciplinary science

A

(1)

79
Q

Eugene Odum

A

(1)
Made the definition Ecology well-known since people weren’t believing in the concept.
- Book: Findamentals of Ecology
- Studied relationship of humans and nature
- Noticed how everything is connected from micro to macro levels.

80
Q

Gaia Hypothesis

A

(1) Proposes that Earth behaves as an integrated system: So living organisms interact with inorganic (absence of carbon, non-living) surroundings on earth to form a complex system which helps maintain the conditions for life on the planet.
- Gaia: means ancient goddess of earth
- TEK believes in the Gaia hypothesis.

81
Q

C.S “Buzz” holling

A

(1)
non-linear dynamic: Ecology is a dynamic system that are self-organixing and unpredictable.

resilience theory: 1973. capacity of system to absorb disturbance.

“Shifting steady state mosaic”: refers to ecosystmes how they are patchy and scale dependant. Not constant or concept capable of defining a whole system at any point in time or space.

82
Q

Ecological paradigm shift

A

(1)
equilibirum to disequilibrium view:

closed system vs open system view:

83
Q

Three dimensional problem solving

A

(1)

84
Q

SES

A

(1)

85
Q

paradigm shift

A

(1)

Ecology and DESIGN (2 decks)

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