Chapter 9: How do People Grow, Change, and Develop Flashcards Preview

Psychology 101 > Chapter 9: How do People Grow, Change, and Develop > Flashcards

Flashcards in Chapter 9: How do People Grow, Change, and Develop Deck (44)
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1
Q

Development

A

Changes in behavior or abilities or both.

2
Q

Nature-Nurture Issue

A

The degree to which biology (nature) or the environment (nurture) contributes to a person’s development.

3
Q

Zygote

A

A fertilized egg.

4
Q

Germinal Stage

A

The first stage of prenatal development, from conception to 14 days. Cells travel to the uterus.

5
Q

Embryonic Stage

A

The second stage of prenatal development, lasting from the 3rd through the 8th week. Major characteristic of this stage is the formation and development of the major organs and systems.

6
Q

Fetal Stage

A

The third stage of prenatal development from the 9th week through the 9th month. Major characteristic is continued growth and maturation.

7
Q

Down Syndrome

A

A genetic birth disorder resulting from an extra 21st chromosome, characterized by distinct facial features and a greater likelihood of heart defects and intellectual disability.

8
Q

Teratogen

A

An environmental substance that has the potential to harm the developing organism.

9
Q

Sensitive Period

A

In prenatal development, a time when genetic and environmental agents are most likely to cause birth defects.

10
Q

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

A

A birth condition resulting from the mother’s chronic use of alcohol during pregnancy that is characterized by facial and limb deformities and intellectual disability.

11
Q

Neonate

A

A newborn during the first 28 days of life.

12
Q

Reflex

A

An automatic response to a specific environmental stimulus.

13
Q

Gross Motor Skills

A

Motor behaviors, involving the large muscles of the body such as running, walking, jumping, and hopping.

14
Q

Fine Motor Skills

A

Motor behaviors involving the small muscles of the body such as writing, using utensils, and playing an instrument.

15
Q

Cognition

A

The ability to think, know, and remember.

16
Q

Schema

A

A mental idea, concept, or thought.

17
Q

Assimilation

A

The process by which an existing schema is used to understand something new in the environment.

18
Q

Accommodation

A

The process by which a schema is changed, modified, or created anew in order to understand something new in the environment.

19
Q

Sensorimotor Stage

A

Piaget’s first stage of cognitive development, in which infants learn schemas through their senses and motor abilities.

20
Q

Object Permanence

A

The understanding that an object continues to exist even when it is not present.

21
Q

Symbolic Thinking

A

The understanding that objects can be represented with symbols such as bodily gestures or language.

22
Q

Preoperational Stage

A

Piaget’s second stage of cognitive development characterized by the use of symbols and illogical thought.

23
Q

Centration

A

The act of focusing on only one aspect or feature of an object.

24
Q

Conservation

A

The understanding that an object retains its original properties even though it may look different.

25
Q

Egocentrism

A

The belief that everyone thinks as you do.

26
Q

Concrete Operation

A

Piaget’s third stage of cognitive development, characterized by logical thought.

27
Q

Private Speech

A

Vygotsky’s term describing the behavior of young children who talk to themselves to guide their own actions.

28
Q

Zone of Proximal Development

A

According to Vygotsky, the gap between what a child is already able to do and what he or she is not yet capable of doing without help.

29
Q

Scaffolding

A

A process in which adults initially offer guidance and support in helping a child to reason, solve a problem, or master a task; as the child becomes more proficient and capable, the adult helps less and less until the child can master the task on his or her own.

30
Q

Moral Reasoning

A

How you decide what is right and what is wrong.

31
Q

Temperament

A

A person’s general pattern of attention, arousal, and mood that is evident at birth.

32
Q

Attachment

A

The emotional bond between caretaker and infant that is established by 8 to 9 months.

33
Q

Separation Anxiety

A

The fear an infant expresses when separated from the primary caretaker.

34
Q

Stranger Anxiety

A

The distress an infant expresses when faced with unfamiliar people.

35
Q

Authoritarian Parent

A

A parenting style characterized by high levels of control and low levels of affection.

36
Q

Authoritative Parent

A

A parenting style characterized by moderate levels of control and affection.

37
Q

Permissive Parent

A

A parenting style characterized by low levels of control or discipline.

38
Q

Imaginary Audience

A

The belief held by adolescents that everyone is watching what they do.

39
Q

Personal Fable

A

The belief held by adolescents that they are unique and special. May contribute to the risks taken by adolescents.

40
Q

Dualistic Thinking

A

Reasoning that divides situations and issues into right and wrong categories.

41
Q

Relativistic Thinking

A

The idea that in many situations there is not necessarily one right or wrong answer.

42
Q

Postformal Thought

A

The idea that a correct solution (or solutions) may vary, depending on the circumstances.

43
Q

Fluid Intelligence

A

Abilities that rely on information-processing skills such as reaction time, attention, and working memory.

44
Q

Crystallized Intelligence

A

Abilities that rely on knowledge, expertise, and judgment.