Chapter 9: Joints Flashcards
1
Q
joint (articulation or arthrosis)
what does it attach?
A
POA btween 2 or more bones
- also btwn teeth and bones
2
Q
how are bones structurally classified?
A
based on:
- presence or absence of a synovial joint cavity
- type of connecting tissue (fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial)
3
Q
how are bones functionally classified?
A
based on the degree of movement permitted (synarthroses, amphiarthroses, diarthroses)
4
Q
description of fibrous joints
A
lack a synovial cavity, aticulating bones are held together by fibrous CT
- synarthroses
5
Q
what kind of movement do synarthroses joints have?
A
allow little or no movement
6
Q
3 types of fibrous joints
A
- suture
- sydesmosis
- gomphosis
7
Q
suture
description
function
A
- fibrous joint composed of thin layer of dense fibrous CT (sutural ligament)
- united skull bones
- slight movement, only in skull
8
Q
description of synostosis joint
A
- suture joint that has ossified
- ex: suture btwn frontal and parietal (coronal suture)
- 10% ossified
9
Q
how is a synostosis functionally classified?
A
as a synarthrosis which allows little or no movement
10
Q
description of syndesmosis
example
A
- fibrous joint in which 2 bones are separated by thick dense fibrous CT (interosseous membrane or ligament)
- ex: joint btwn distal tibia and fibula (anterior tibiofibular ligament)
11
Q
ligament
A
bone to bone
12
Q
gomphosis (dentoalveolar)
A
- fibrous joint in which cone shaped peg fits into a socket (alveolar socket)
- ex: periodontal ligament
13
Q
description of cartilaginous joints
A
- lacks a synovial cavity
- articulating bones connected by either fibrocartilage or hyaline cartilage
- synarthroses
14
Q
2 types of cartilaginous joints
A
synchondroses, symphysis
15
Q
synchondrosis
description
example
A
- cartilaginous joint
- connecting material is hyaline cartilage
- ex: epiphyseal plate of a bone
16
Q
symphysis
A
- cartilaginous joint in which connecting material is a white broad disc of fibrocartilage
- ex: pubis symphysis
17
Q
range of motion for amphiarthrosis joint
A
slightly moveable
18
Q
description of synovial joints
A
have a synovial joint cavity btwn articulating bones
19
Q
description of diarthroses joints
A
freely moveable joint (several types of movement)
20
Q
articular cartilage (fibrocartilage/hyaline)
location
function
A
- covers the end of bones at synovial joints
- function = decrease friction produced by moving bones and absorb shock
21
Q
articular capsule
location
parts
A
- encloses the synovial cavity and unites the articulating bones
- 2 layers:
- outer fibrous capsule
- inner synovial membrane
22
Q
outer fibrous capsule
tupe of tissue
location
A
- dense irregular CT attached to periosteum
- some of these are arranged in parallel bundles called ligaments
23
Q
inner synovial membrane
type of tissue
A
elastic areolar CT
24
Q
synovial fluid
functions (5)
A
- secreted by the synovial membrane
- lubricates joint
- decreases friction
- supply nutrients
- removes wastes given off by chondrocytes
- phagocytes to remove debris accumulated from joint wear & tear
25
why warm up?
stimulates production and secretion of synovial fluid
26
what is the function of accessory ligaments and articular discs? Why?
* alter the shape of joint surfaces of articulating bones to allow
* tighter fit
* increased joint stability
* distributes synovial fluid to areas of stress in joint
27
articular discs
functions
* menisci
* perform 3 functions
* maintain joint stability
* distribute synovial fluid
* allow tighter fit
28
what occurs during a sprain?
forcible wrenching or twisting of a joint that stretches or tears its ligaments but doesnt dislocate
29
what is a strain?
stretched or partially torn muscle
30
bursae
description
function
location
* synovial fluid filled saclike structures that cushionthe movement of 1 body part over another
* located btwn bone and skin where skin rubs over bone btwn tendons and bones within articular capsule
31
gliding movements
* when flat bone surface moves back and forth against each other
* no alteration of the angle btwn bones
* occur at plantar joints
32
angular movements
* inc/dec in the angle btwn articulating bones
* principle angular movements are:
* flexion
* extension
* hypertension
33
flexion
* dec in the angle btwn articulating bones
* ex: cervical spine, chin to chest, foot plantar/dorsi flexion
34
extension
inc in the angle btwn articulating bones
35
lateral flexion
* movement of the trunk sideways to the right/left at waist
* movement occurs in the frontal plane and involves the intervertebral joints (spine)
36
hyperextension
* continuation of extension beyond the anatomical position
* usually prevented by the arrangement of ligaments and the anatomical alignment of bones
37
abduction
movement of bone away from midline
38
adduction
movement of bne toward midline of body
39
opposition
* movement of thumb ONLY at the carpometacarpal joint
* thumb moves across the palm to touch the tips of the finger on the same hand
40
dislocation
displacement of a bone from a joint
* bones lose anatomical relationship
41
luxation
loses position but doesn't lose anatmical relationship
42
planar joints
* permit gliding movements
* non axial
* include intercarpal, intertarsal, sternoclavicular, acromioclavicular, sternocostal, vertebrocostal joints
43
hinge joint
* contains convex surface of 1 bone fitting into a concave surface of another
* movement is primarily flexion or extension in a single plane (monoaxial)
* ex: elbow, knee, ankle, interphalangeal joints
44
pivot joint
* round/pointed surface of 1 bone fits into ring of another bone and a ligament
* movement is rotational and monoaxial
* ex: atlas, palms, anterior/posterior
45
condyloid joint
* oval shaped condyle of 1 bone fits into a elliptical cavity of another
* movements are flexion-extension, abduction-adduction, circumduction
* ex: joint btwn carpals and radiul
46
saddle joint
* contains 1 bone whose articular surface is saddle-shaped and another that is shaped like a rider on a saddle
* movements are flexion-extension, abduction-adduction, curcumduction
* ex: thumb joint
47
ball and socket joint
* ball shaped surface of 1 bone fits into cup depression of another
* movements are flexion-extension, abduction-adduction, rotation, circumduction
* ex: shoulder, hip joint
48
shoulder joint
* ball and socket (humerus and glenoid cavity of scalpula)
* movements include flexion-extension, abduction-adduction, medial-lateral rotation, circumduction of arm
* more freedom of movement in exchange of stability
49
common injuries to shoulder
* rotator cuff
* dislocation
* separation
50
knee joints (3)
movements
* largest, most complex joint of body
* consists of 3 joints in synovial cavity:
1. patellofemeral
2. lateraltibiofemural
3. medialtibialfemoral
* movements include flexion-extension, slight medial rotation, lateral rotation of leg in a flexed psition
51
common injuries to knee
rupture of the tibial collateral ligament and dislocation
52
rotator cuff muscles
* supraspinatus
* infraspinatus
* terrismajor
* subscalpularis
53
function of patella
* holds tendon of quad forward
* increase effectiveness of quad in extending knee
54
what would happen without a patella?
30% more effrt to extend knee
55
ligaments in knee
* tibial collateral
* fibular collateral
* medial lateral meniscus
* anterior/posterior cruciate
56
rheumatism
description
any painful state of the supporting structures of the body, bones, ligaments, joints, tendons, muscles
57
rheumatoid arthritis
description
symptoms
* autoimmune disease in which the bodys immune system attacks its own cartilage and joint linings
* results in swelling + loss of joint function
58
osteoarthritis
description
what does it affect?
* degenerative joint disease
* wear and tear arthritis
* deterioration of articular cartilage and bone spur formation
* noninflammatory
* affects weight bearing joints: knees, ankles, hips, spine
59
gouty arthritis
description
symptoms
tx
* when sodium urate crystals are depposited in soft tissues of joints
* causes inflammation, swelling, pain
* bones will eventually fuse, rendering joints immobile
* patients told to eliminate red meat (digested red meat-nucleic acids turn to urate)
