Chapter 9- Thinking & Intelligence Flashcards Preview

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Flashcards in Chapter 9- Thinking & Intelligence Deck (36)
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1
Q

concept

A

a mental category that groups objects, relations, activities, abstractions or qualities having common properties

2
Q

basic concept

A

concepts that have a moderate number of instances and that are easier to acquire than those having few or many instances (apple vs fruit)

3
Q

prototype

A

an especially representative example of a concept (apple = fruit vs pineapple)

4
Q

proposition

A

a unit of meaning that is made up of concepts and express a single idea

5
Q

cognitive schema

A

an integrated mental network of knowledge beliefs and expectations concerning a particular topic or aspect of the world

6
Q

mental image

A

a neutral representation that mirrors or resembles the thing it represents; occur in many and perhaps all sensory modalities

7
Q

subconscious processes

A

mental processes occurring outside of conscious awareness but accessible to consciousness when necessary

8
Q

nonconscious processes

A

mental processes occurring outside of and not available to conscious awareness

9
Q

implicit learning

A

learning that occurs when you acquire knowledge about something without being aware of how you did so and without being able to state exactly what it is you have learned

10
Q

reasoning

A

the drawing of conclusions or inferences from observations, facts, or assumptions

11
Q

a problem solving strategy guaranteed to produce a solution even if the user does not know how it works

A

algorithm

12
Q

deductive reasoning

A

a form or reasoning in which a conclusion follows necessarily from a certain premises; if the premises are true, the conclusion must be true

13
Q

inductive reasoning

A

a form of reasoning in which the premises provide support for a conclusion, but it is still possible for the conclusions to be false

14
Q

heuristic

A

a rule of thumb that suggests a course of action or guides problem solving but does not guarantee an optimal solution

15
Q

dialectical reasoning

A

a process in which opposing facts or ideas are weighed and compared w a view to determining the best solution or resolving differences

16
Q

affect heuristic

A

tendency to consult ones emotions instead of estimating probabilities objectively

17
Q

availability heuristic

A

tendency to judge the probability of a type of event by how easy it is to think of examples or instances

18
Q

framing effect

A

tendency for peoples choices to be affected by how a choice is presented or framed

19
Q

hindsight bias

A

tendency to overestimate ones ability to have predicted an event once the outcome is known

20
Q

confirmation bias

A

tendency to look for or pay attention to only info that confirms ones own belief

21
Q

mental set

A

tendency to solve problems using procedures that worked before on similar problems

22
Q

post-decision dissonance

A

in the theory of cognitive dissonance, tension that occurs when you believe you may have made a bad decision

23
Q

justification of effort

A

tendency of individuals to increase their liking for something that they have worked hard or suffered to attain; a common form of dissonance reduction

24
Q

intelligence

A

an inferred characteristic of an individual usually defined as the ability to profit from experience, acquire knowledge, think abstractly, act purposefully, or adapt to changes in the environment

25
Q

psychometrics

A

measurement of mental abilities, traits and processes

26
Q

factor analysis

A

a statistical method for analyzing the intercorrelations among various measures or test scores; clusters of measures or scores that are highly correlated are assumed to measure the same underlying trait, ability, or aptitude (factor)

27
Q

g factor

A

a general intellectual ability assumed by many theorists to underlie specific mental abilities/talents

28
Q

mental age (MA)

A

measure of mental development expressed in terms of the average mental ability at a given age

29
Q

intelligence quotient (IQ)

A

a measure of intelligence originally computed by dividing a persons mental age by their chronological age and multiplying by 100; now derived by norms provided for standardized intelligence tests.

30
Q

stereotype threat

A

a burden of doubt a person feels about their performance due to negative stereotypes about their groups abilities

31
Q

triarchic theory of intelligence

A

a theory of intelligence that emphasizes info processing strategies, the ability to creatively transfer skills to new situations and the practical application of intelligence.

32
Q

metacognition

A

knowledge or awareness of ones own cognitive processes, ability to monitor and control them

33
Q

tacit knowledge

A

strategies for success that are not explicitly taught but but instead must be inferred

34
Q

emotional intelligence

A

ability to identify your own and other peoples emotions accurately, express your emotions clearly, and regulate emotions in yourself and others (EQ)

35
Q

cognitive ethology

A

study of cognitive processes in nonhuman animals

36
Q

theory of minds

A

a system of beliefs about the way ones own mind and the mind of others work and how individuals are affected by their beliefs and feelings