chapter 9 thinking and language recognition Flashcards

1
Q

the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.

A

cognition

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2
Q

a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or peoples.

A

concept

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3
Q

mental image or best example of a category. Matching new items to a prototype provides a quick and easy method for sorting items into categories (as when comparing feathered creatures to a prototypical bird, such as a robin).

A

prototype

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4
Q

a methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem. Contrasts with the usually speedier-but also more error-prone – use of heuristics.

A

algorithm

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5
Q

a simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgements and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but also more error-prone than algorithms.

A

heuristic

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6
Q

a sudden realization of a problem’s solution; contrast with strategy-based solutions.

A

insight

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7
Q

a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence.

A

confirmation bias

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8
Q

an effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought, as contrasted with explicit, conscious reasoning.

A

intuition

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9
Q

estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind (perhaps because of their vividness), presume such events are common.

A

availability heuristic

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10
Q

the tendency to be more confident that correct-to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgements.

A

overconfidence

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11
Q

clinging to ones initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited.

A

belief perseverance

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12
Q

the way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgements.

A

framing

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13
Q

our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning.

A

language

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14
Q

in a language, the smallest distinctive sound unit.

A

phoneme

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15
Q

in a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or a part of word (such as a prefix).

A

morpheme

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16
Q

in a language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others. In a given language, semantics is the set of rules for deriving meaning from sounds, and syntax is the set of rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences.

A

grammar

17
Q

beginning at about 4 months, the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language.

A

babbling stage

18
Q

the stage in speech development, from about age 1 to 2, during which a child speaks mostly in single words.

A

One-word stage

19
Q

beginning about age 2, the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly in two-word statements.

A

Two-word stage

20
Q

early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram-”go car”-using mostly nouns and verbs.

A

telegraphic speech

21
Q

impairment of language, usually caused of left-hemisphere damage either to Broca’s area (impairing speaking) or to Wernicke’s area (impairing understanding).

A

aphasia

22
Q

Whorf’s hypothesis that language determines the way we think.

A

linguistic determinism