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Microbiologyh > Chapter Four > Flashcards

Chapter Four Flashcards

1
Q

Prokaryote

A

Pre nucleus

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2
Q

eukaryote

A

True nucleus

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3
Q

Example of vibria

A

Vibreo cholerae

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4
Q

Vibria

A

Has a slight curve

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5
Q

Spirillum

A

Rigid
-contains flagella

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6
Q

Spirochete

A

-flexible, curls around the body
-contains axial filament

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7
Q

An example of spirochete

A

Treponema patlidum
-causes syphilis

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8
Q

Example of a single bacillus

A

Bacillus anthraus

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9
Q

Glycocalx

A

Capsule
-outside cell wall
-very sticky

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10
Q

What is the glycocalx made up of

A

Sugar and proteins

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11
Q

Why is the glycocalx sticky?

A

Escape human defence systems by slipping away

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12
Q

Functions of the glycocalx (three things)

A
  1. Virulence
  2. Evades phagocytosis
  3. Helps in attachment to human cells
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13
Q

Virulence

A

The ability of an organism to infect a host and cause a disease

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14
Q

What is an example of attachment to human cells

A

Sugar or plaque on teeth
-streptococcus mutaus

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15
Q

Flagella

A

Helps microbe to move by running and tumbling

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16
Q

Flagella is composed of…

A

-filament
-hook
-basal body

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17
Q

The filament is _____ based

A

Protein

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18
Q

The Hook is

A

Flexible, proteinous and wraps around filament

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19
Q

Monotrichous and polar flagella

A

Single and straight

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20
Q

Amphitrichous and polar flagella

A

Two on either end of cell

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21
Q

Lophotrichous and polar

A

Tuft on one end of cell

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22
Q

Peritrichous flagella

A

Coming out everywhere on cell

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23
Q

Fimbriae

A

Extremely thin and numerous
-attached to cell body

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24
Q

Example of fimbriae

A

Neisserria gonorhea

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25
Q

Phili

A

Sexual transfer of DNA in cells

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26
Q

Axial filaments

A

Found in sporophytes
-moves in spiral form or corkscrew
-anchored at one end of cell

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27
Q

Cell wall is made up of

A

Peptidoglycan or meurin

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28
Q

Meurin is a

A

Polomer

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29
Q

The peptido in peptidoglycan is

A

A polypeptide where every species has its own

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30
Q

The polypeptide function

A

Strings and links backbone together

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31
Q

Tetrapeptide in the peptidoglycan (function)

A

Shorter than polypeptide, but links above and below

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32
Q

Glycan of peptidoglycan is made up of

A

Glucose

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33
Q

Glucose in glycan is chemically modified into (two things)

A

NAM and NAG

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34
Q

NAM stands for

A

Acetyl muramic acid

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35
Q

NAG stands for

A

Acetyl glucosamine

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36
Q

Peptidoglycan separates ___ ___ from ___

A

-human cells
-prokaryotes

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37
Q

Antibiotics (such as _____) targets ______

A

-penicillin
-peptidoglycan

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38
Q

What are the two different types of cell walls

A

-gram positive
-gram negative

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39
Q

Why are these two cell walls different

A

The gram positive cell: will get a positive result in staining
The gram negative cell: will get a negative result, and you will need to restrain the cell

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40
Q

Gram positive cells and peptidoglycan structure

A

Contains SEVERAL layers of peptidoglycan

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41
Q

Gram negative cells and peptidoglycan

A

Only contain one to two layers of peptidoglycan
-very thick

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42
Q

Gram positive kingdoms contains acid, what is it called?

A

Teichoic acids

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43
Q

Teichoic acids are made up of

A

Alcohol and phosphate

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44
Q

What are the two major types of teichoic acids

A

-lipoteichoic acid
-wallteichoic acid

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45
Q

Lipoteichoic acid found

A

Spanning the peptidoglycan layer and plasma membrane

46
Q

Wallteichoic acid is found

A

In the peptidoglycan layer

47
Q

What are the functions of the teichoic acid

A

-helps to identify bacteria in staining
-brings cations into cell
-helps with growth

48
Q

What’s does it mean by antigenic specificity

A

Describing the uniqueness of bacteria

49
Q

Does gram negative cell walls contain teichoic acid?

A

Nor

50
Q

What does the gram negative wall contain that the gram positive does not? (four things)

A

-phospholipid bilayer
-lipoproteins
-porin proteins
-lipopolysaccharise

51
Q

What is the function of a phospholipid bilayer

A

It acts in a way that repels water like a plasma membrane
-hydrophobic/hydrophilic

52
Q

What is the function of lipoproteins

A

Act as anchor

53
Q

What is the function of porin proteins

A

Forms channels for molecules to enter in

54
Q

How lipopolysaccharise look

A

Hairlike and pointing upwards

55
Q

Lipid A is a

A

Poison to release that allows to recognize infections

56
Q

What are some examples of what lipid A recognizes

A

Fever, nausea, diarrhea and miscarriages

57
Q

Function of sugar

A

To recognize bacteria

58
Q

What does endotoxic shock show

A

Always gram negative

59
Q

Periplasmic space

A

-Transports
-various functions
-filled with water
-enzyme activity

60
Q

Myobacterium (cell wall)

A

atypical cell wall
-cannot stain and have a waxy layer due to mycolic acid

61
Q

Examples of mycobacterium

A

M. Tuberculosis and m. Leoprae
(TB and leprosy)

62
Q

Microplasma

A

Atypical cell walls
-lacks cell wall but adds STEROLS in plasma membrane

63
Q

What are sterols

A

Help to protect microplasma from rupture

64
Q

Archae

A

Atypical cell wall
-contains no cell wall, walls are made of pseudomurein

65
Q

What two major things damage the cell wall

A

The immune system and antibiotics

66
Q

Why does the immune system damage the cell wall

A

The lysozymes form an immune response that destroys glycan
-then the wall collapses
-destroys the backbone

67
Q

What is the cell wall backbone

A

NAM and NAG

68
Q

Positive cell wall damage due to lysosomes

A

Creates a very weakened cell, that only contains a plasma membrane
—> water rushes in
—> very quick cell death
Protoplast

69
Q

What happens to the negative cell wall during immune damage

A

Weakens layer —> spheroplast
-cell can no longer divide and eventually fills with water leading to cell death

70
Q

Spheroplast

A

Circular shape
-cellular contents, plasma membrane and parts of cell wall
-gram negative

71
Q

Protoplast

A

Weekend cell only containing plasma membrane
-gram positive cell wall

72
Q

Antibiotics such as _____ does what to the cell wall?

A

-penicillin
-breaks the cell wall and inhibits peptide bridge in peptidoglycan

73
Q

The peptide bridge is the ….

A

Linkage

74
Q

With penicillin gram positive walls are _____ susceptible because they have _____ peptidoglycan

A

MORE, MORE

75
Q

With penicillin gram negative walls are _____ susceptible because they have _____ peptidoglycan

A

LESS, LESS

76
Q

Plasma membrane move substances through

A

diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis and active transport

77
Q

Simple diffusion

A

Net movement of molecules or ions from an area of high concentration to low concentration
-until equilibrium

78
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A

Movement of ions or large molecules across the plasma membrane

79
Q

Osmosis

A

Net movement of water molecules across selectively permeable membrane from high concentration to low

80
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Substance inside plasma membrane

81
Q

Nucleoid

A

Contains bacterial chromosome and DNA

82
Q

Ribosome

A

Protein synthesis

83
Q

Humans ribosomes vs prokaryote ribosomes

A

Humans: larger
Pro: smaller

84
Q

Endospores

A

Resting structures

85
Q

Endospores are resistant to

A

Heat, lack of water and chemicals

86
Q

How are Endospores formed

A

By dehydration and lack of nutrients

87
Q

Family and species that make Endospores are

A

Bacillus and colistridium

88
Q

Sporulation

A

Endospores formation

89
Q

Germination

A

Return to vegetative state

90
Q

Bacillus Endospores are which one

A

Anthrosis

91
Q

Examples of Endospores in colistriudm

A

Tetini, botulinum, perfringous, difficule

92
Q

Tetini

A

Tetnus

93
Q

Botulinum

A

Germination in canned food

94
Q

Perfringous

A

Gangrene

95
Q

Difficle

A

Colitis, where colon cells fall off
-sticks everywhere

96
Q

Bacillus and colistirdum are both

A

Gram positive

97
Q

What is the exception to Endospores all being gram positive

A

Coxiella (burnetti)

98
Q

What is coxiella burnetti

A

Q fever, mild pneumonia
-spreads through domestic animals

99
Q

Simple steps of sporulation

A

1-DNA replicated, spore septum forms
2-septum fully formed
3- duplicated DNA is completely enclosed and floating within cell
4- peptidoglycan layer forms
5- spore coat forms
6- spore separates completely from mother cell

100
Q

Cell walls of eukaryotic cells

A

Consists of polysaccharide cellulose

101
Q

In eukaryotic cells ribosomes are…

A

Free floating

102
Q

Organelles found in eukaryotic cells

A

-nucleus
-ER
-golgi complex
-lysosomes
-vacuous
-mitochondria
-chloroplast
-peroxisomes
-Centro some

103
Q

Nuclear envelope

A

Double membrane surrounding nucleus

104
Q

Nuclear ports

A

Are tiny channels that move substances between nucleus and cytoplasm

105
Q

Nucleoi

A

Condensed regions of chromosomes
-RNA is synthesized

106
Q

Rough and smooth ER

A

Rough- protein synthesis and storage
Smooth- lipid synthesis

107
Q

Golgi complex

A

Transport pathway of proteins

108
Q

Vacuoles

A

Space or cavity in the cytoplasm, temporary storage or bring food into cell

109
Q

Chloroplasts

A

Found in green and algae plants
-pigment and allows photosynthesis

110
Q

Peroxisome

A

Oxidize various organic substances cues
-H2O2

Microbiologyh (18 decks)

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