Chapter II Classification and Nomenclature Flashcards
1
Q
6 Major types of Microorganisms
A
-bacteria, – archaea, – fungi, – protozoa, – algae, and – viruses.
2
Q
• unicellular • they lack a nucleus. • they exist in four major shapes: – bacillus (rod shape), – coccus (spherical shape), – spirilla (spiral shape), and – vibrio (curved shape) • have a peptidoglycan cell wall • they divide by binary fission; • and they may possess flagella for motility.
A
Bacteria
3
Q
(rod shape)
A
bacillus
4
Q
(spherical shape)
A
coccus
5
Q
(spiral shape),
A
spirilla
6
Q
(curved shape)
A
vibrio
7
Q
2 cell wall structure of bacteria
A
- Gram-positive
* Gram-negative
8
Q
(living in the presence of oxygen)
A
aerobic
9
Q
(living without oxygen)
A
anaerobic
10
Q
(can live in both
environments)
A
facultative anaerobes
11
Q
2 types of bacteria on how they obtain energy
A
- Autotrophs
* Heterotrophs
12
Q
- cell wall structure lack peptidoglycans
* with avidity to extreme environmental conditions.
A
Archaea
13
Q
4 types of Archaeans based on their habitat
A
- methanogens
- halophiles
- thermophiles
- psychrophiles
14
Q
(methane-producing organisms)
A
methanogens
15
Q
(archaeans that live in salty environments)
A
halophiles
16
Q
(archaeans that live at extremely hot temperatures)
A
thermophiles
17
Q
(cold-temperature Archaeans)
A
psychrophiles
18
Q
• eukaryotic cells (with a true nucleus)
• most are multicellular
• their cell wall is composed of chitin
• they obtain nutrients by absorbing organic
material from their environment
(decomposers), through symbiotic relationships
with plants (symbionts), or harmful
relationships with a host (parasites).
•they form characteristic filamentous tubes
called hyphae that help absorb material. The
collection of hyphae is called mycelium
• they reproduce by releasing spores
A
Fungi
19
Q
Filamentous tubes that help absorb material.
A
hyphae
20
Q
The collection of hyphae is called ______
A
mycelium
21
Q
• unicellular aerobic eukaryotes
• they have a nucleus, complex organelles, and
obtain nourishment by absorption or ingestion
through specialized structures
• they make up the largest group of organisms
in the world in terms of numbers, biomass,
and diversity
• their cell walls are made up of cellulose.
A
Protozoa
22
Q
5 Classifications of Protozoa
A
Protozoa, Flagellates, Ciliates, Amoeboids, Sporozoans
23
Q
Have been traditionally divided
based on their mode of locomotion
A
Protozoa
24
Q
Produce their own food and use
their whip-like structure to propel forward
A
Flagellates
25
Have tiny hair that beat to produce
| movement
Ciliates
26
Have false feet or pseudopodia
| used for feeding and locomotion
Amoeboids
27
______ are non-motile. They also have
different means of nutrition, which groups
them as autotrophs or heterotrophs.
Sporozoans
28
• also called cyanobacteria or blue
-green
algae,
• are unicellular or multicellular eukaryotes
that obtain nourishment by photosynthesis.
•they live in water, damp soil, and rocks and
produce oxygen and carbohydrates used by
other organisms.
•it is believed that cyanobacteria are the
origins of green land plants
Algae
29
• are noncellular entities that consist of a
nucleic acid core (DNA or RNA)
surrounded by a protein coat
• they are not considered living organisms
• they cannot reproduce outside a host cell
and cannot metabolize on their own.
• viruses often infest prokaryotic and
eukaryotic cells causing diseases.
Viruses
30
```
A group of eukaryotic organisms
consisting of the flatworms and
roundworms, which are
collectively referred to as the
_______________.
```
Helminths.
31
____ is the science of naming,
describing and classifying organisms
and includes all plants, animals and
microorganisms of the world.
Taxonomy
32
Considered the Father of Taxonomy developed taxonomic
system for naming plants and animals
and grouping similar organisms together.
Carolus Linnaeus
33
Plural of taxon
taxa
34
Several taxa of lower rank
```
– Kingdom (not used by most bacteriologists)
– Phylum
– Class
– Order
– Family
– Genus (plural: Genera)
– Species (both singular & plural)
```
35
```
Based on:
• Morphology
• Metabolism (Biochemical
Activity)
• Molecular Techniques
• Fatty Acid Profiles
• Protein Differentiation
• DNA Finger Printing
```
Whittaker Classification
36
```
Based on:
• differences in the 16S
ribosomal RNA
(rRNA) structure
• cell’s membrane lipid
structure and its
sensitivity to
antibiotics.
```
Woese Classification
37
The first part is the _____ to which the species belongs and the second part is
the ______name.
- Genus
| - species name.
38
The binomial naming system was first uniformly used by _____.
Carl Linnaeus
39
Generic part is ______, species is _____.
- Generic
| - species
40
Archaea is divided
| into two phyla:
– Phylum Crenarchaeota
– Phylum Euryarchaeota
41
Originally containing thermophylic and hyperthermophilic
| sulfur-metabolizing archaea
Phylum Crenarchaeota
42
Contains primarily methanogenic archaea, halophilic
| archaea, and thermophilic, sulfur-reducing archaea
Phylum Euryarchaeota
43
• very diverse, with all four modes
of nutrition represented
• grouped because of shared rRNA
sequence
• also has endosymbionts such as
nitrogen fixers
• of medical importance are the
chemoheterotrophs
Phylum Proteobacteria
44
• grow only in eukaryotic host cells
• small phylum containing the genus
Chlamydi
Phylum Chlamidiae
45
• spiral bacteria
```
• characterized by flexible, helical cells
with a modified outer membrane (the
outer sheath) and modified flagella
(axial filaments) located within the
outer sheath
```
• important pathogenic genera include
Treponema, Borrelia, and Leptospira
Phylum Spirochaetes
46
• includes opportunistic pathogens
• includes genera Bacteroides,
Flavobacterium, Flexibacter, and
Cytophyga
Phylum Bacteroidetes
47
• oxygenic photosynthetic bacteria
• provide an enormous amount of
food for organisms in freshwater
and marine ecosystems
Phylum Cyanobacteria
48
• low G+C content;
– Bacilli include Lactobacillus,
Streptococcus, Staphylococcus,
Listeria, and Bacillus
– Clostridia includes Clostridium
Phylum Firmicutes
49
• genetically, high G+C content
– Includes genera Actinomyces,
Streptomyces, Corynebacterium,
Micrococcus, Mycobacterium,
Propionibacterium
Phylum Actinobacteria
50
Cocci in pairs are called
| ____.
diplococci
51
Cocci in chains are called
| _____.
streptococci
52
Cocci in irregular groups
| are called ______.
Staphylococci
53
Bacilli may be arranged in:
-chains
-branching chains
-mass together
-remain attached at various angles
resembling Chinese letters
54
Rods that are slightly curved
• Vibrios
55
Polar flagella
• Spirilla
56
Axial filaments
•Spirochaetes
57
The term ______ is used for eukaryotes that are not plants,
| animal and fungi
Protist
58
-normally two flagella when present,
with hairlike projections on one of them
1. Phylum Oomycota (water molds)
2. Phylum Bacillariophyta
(diatoms)
3. Phylum Chrysophyta (golden algae)
4. Phylum Phaeophyta (brown algae)
Kingdom Stramenophila
59
Characteristics:
sac-like alveoli that form a continuous
layer just under the plasma membrane
1. Phylum Dinoflagellata
(dinoflagellates)
2. Phylum Apicomplexa
(sporozoans)
3. Phylum Ciliophora (ciliates)
Kingdom Alveolata
60
Characteristics:
produce elaborate shell-like coverings
of cells; use very slender pseudopodia
to move
1. Phylum Foraminifera (forams)
2. Phylum Radiolaria
(radiolarians)
Kingdom Rhizaria
61
Characteristics:
possess “excavating” feeding grooves;
flagellated
1. Phylum Diplomonadida
(Giardia lamblia)
1. Phylum Parabasalia
(Trichomonas vaginalis)
Kingdom Excavata
62
Characteristics:
Move using relatively large lobeshaped pseudopodia
1. Phylum Gymnamoeba
(free-living amoebas)
2. Phylum Entamoeba
(parasitic amoebas)
3. Phylum Acrasiomycota
(cellular slime molds)
4. Phylum Myxomycota
(plasmodial slime molds)
Kingdom Amoebozoa
63
```
Characteristics:
flagellate cells, such as the sperm of
most animals and the spores of
the chytrid fungi, propel themselves
with a single posterior flagellum.
```
Opisthokonta
64
```
The _____ are a broad
group of eukaryotes, including
the animal and fungus kingdoms.
The ______, are generally
recognized as a clade.
```
opisthokonts
65
• Decomposers
• Heterotrophic; absorb nutrients. Most
have chitin in cell walls
– The feeding structures of a fungus
are threadlike filaments called
hyphae
– Hyphae branch repeatedly as they
grow, forming a mass known as a
mycelium
– Lichen is a symbiosis between
fungi and green algae
– Mycorrhiza is a symbiosis
between fungi and plant roots.
Fungi
66
The feeding structures of a fungus
| are threadlike filaments called
hyphae
67
Hyphae branch repeatedly as they
grow, forming a mass known as a
___.
mycelium
68
___ is a symbiosis between
| fungi and green algae
Lichen
69
______ is a symbiosis
| between fungi and plant roots
Mycorrhiza
70
• with flagellated spores; includes
| parasites of other animals
Phylum Chytridiomycota
| Chytrids
71
• have protective zygosporangia,
where zygotes produce haploid
spores by meiosis. Includes bread
molds
• may include microsporidia,
obligate intracellular parasites
Phylum Zygomycota
72
• form mycorrhizae
Phlyum Glomeromycota
73
• have asci or sac (sac fungi)
• can be unicellular or
multicellular.
• includes some of the most
devastating plant pathogens,
or in lichen (e.g. morels, cup
fungi, yeasts)
Phylum Ascomycota
74
• club fungi with spore-producing
basidia
• excellent decomposers
• includes mushrooms and shelf
fungi
Phylum Basidiomycota
75
– prokaryotic, with peptidoglycan in cell wall, no nucleus; some
disease-causing species
Bacteria
76
* Proteobacteria – includes coliform (e.g. E. coli), pseudomonads, and vibrios
* Chlamidiae – Chlamydia
* Spirochaetes – includes Treponema, Borrelia, and Leptospira
* Bacteroidetes – includes Bacteroidetes
– Gram – negative
77
• Firmicutes – clostridia, mollicutes, bacilli (Bacillus, Lactobacillus, Streptococcus,
etc.)
• Actinobacteria – includes Streptomyces and Mycobacterium
– Gram – positive:
78
with nuclei
Eukaryotes
79
– includes dinoflagellates, ciliates (B. coli), and
| apicomplexans (e.g. Plasmodium)
Alveolata
80
– includes flagellated protozoans; e.g. Giardia and
| Trichomonas
Excavata
81
– ascomycetes (e.g. Pneumocystis and Candida),
| mushrooms, zygomycetes (e.g. microsporidia)
Fungi
82
– tapeworms (e.g. Taenia), flukes (e.g.
Schistosoma), nematodes (e.g. Ascaris), arthropods (e.g.
mosquitoes, fleas, mites_
Animals
