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Biology > Chapter One > Flashcards

Chapter One Flashcards

0
Q

We are living in the ____ of biology

A

Golden age

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1
Q

Biologists have identified about ____ species of living organisms.

A

1.9 million

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2
Q

All organisms share a common ____ for genetic material; otherwise known as DNA

A

Chemical language

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3
Q

Biology is the scientific study of ___.

A

Life

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4
Q

Life is structured on a size ___, ranging from molecular to global; meanwhile, biology’s ___ stretches across enormous diversity of life on Earth.

A
  1. scale

2. scope

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5
Q

True or false: all organisms are composed of cells

A

True

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6
Q

Which are the two major types of cells?

A

Prokaryotic and eukaryotic

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7
Q

True or false: Eukaryotic cells don’t contain nuclei

A

False. Prokaryotes don’t have nuclei. Eukaryotes, however, do.

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8
Q

The cell is the ___ level of structure that can perform all activities required for life. (“smallest living thing”)

A

Lowest

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9
Q

Which four letters are used in the language of DNA?

A

A, C, G, T

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10
Q

True or false: all cells use DNA as the chemical material of genes

A

True

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11
Q

Genes are the units of…

A

Inheritance

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12
Q

____ and ____ have allowed us to alter the DNA of organisms.

A

Genetic engineering and biotechnology

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13
Q

True or false: diversity is the hallmark of life.

A

True

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14
Q

The diversity of known life includes ____ species.

Estimates of total diversity range from _ to __ million.

A
  1. 1.9 million

2. 5 to 30 million

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15
Q

____ is the branch of biology that names and classifies species.

A

Taxonomy

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16
Q

Which are the three domains of life?

A

Bacteria, archaea, and eukarya

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17
Q

Bacteria and archaea are both ____ domains.

A

Prokaryotic

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18
Q

Eukarya includes four kingdoms. Which are they?

A

Protista

Plantae

Fungi

Animalia

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19
Q

What helps document our history?

A

Fossils.

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20
Q

Each ___ is one twig of a branching tree of life extending back in time.

A

Species

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21
Q

In what year did Charles Darwin publish his book? What was the book called?

A

He published it in 1859. The book was called The Origin of Species.

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22
Q

Which two points did Darwin’s book develop?

A

Descent with modification and natural selection

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23
Q

What does “descent with modification” suggest?

A

Newer species have to come from an earlier species and change over time

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24
Q

What does “natural selection” suggest?

A

The process whereby organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring.

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25
Q

What was Darwin struck by upon visiting the Galápagos Islands?

A

The diversity of animals

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26
Q

Which two observations did Darwin create regarding natural selection?

A
  1. Overproduction and struggle for existence. (Ex: too many birds)
  2. Individual variation. (Ex: how good they are at getting food)
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27
Q

What was Darwin’s inescapable conclusion?

A

Unequal reproductive success; natural selection

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28
Q

____ is the mechanism of evolution.

A

Natural selection

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29
Q

There are many examples of natural selection in action, such as…

A

The development of antibiotic resistant bacteria

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30
Q

Which are the four steps to scientific method?

A
  1. Observation
  2. Hypothesis
  3. Experiment/Test
  4. Conclusion
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31
Q

The formula “H2O” consists of ____ and _____.

A

Hydrogen and oxygen

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32
Q

A ___ is mostly water. The rest of it is mostly ____-based molecules.

A

Cell; carbon

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33
Q

Organic chemistry is the study of…

A

Carbon compounds

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34
Q

Carbon is ____.

Hint: The missing term means “having or capable of many uses; changeable.”

A

Versatile

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35
Q

Larger hydrocarbons are used as…

A

Fuel for burning

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36
Q

What does each organic molecule have?

A

A unique 3-D shape that defines its function.

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37
Q

True or false: most macromolecules are polymers.

A

True.

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38
Q

Polymers are made by stringing together many smaller molecules called ____.

A

Monomers

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39
Q

Define hydrolysis.

A

The chemical breakdown of a compound due to reaction with water.

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40
Q

Which are the four types of macromolecules in cells?

A

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids

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41
Q

True or false: carbohydrates only include small sugars.

A

False. They include both small sugars and long starches.

42
Q

True or false: monosaccharides are double sugars.

A

False. They’re simple sugars and can contain glucose or fructose.

43
Q

Glucose + Fructose = _____.

A

Sucrose

45
Q

_____ are double sugars and made from monosaccharides.

A

Disaccharides

46
Q

Dissacharides are joined by the process of _____.

A

Dehydration synthesis

47
Q

Complex carbs are called _____, which are polymers of ____ (such as starch, glycogen, and cellulose).

A

Polysaccharides; monosaccharides

48
Q

Lipids are ____, which is known as “water-fearing.” This means that they ______. Two common examples of lipids are ___ and ____.

A

Hydrophobic; do not mix with water; fats and steroids.

49
Q

Dietary fat is mostly _____ (glycerol + three fatty acids).

A

Triglyceride.

50
Q

Which three essential functions do fats perform in the body?

A

Energy storage
Cushioning
Insulation/protection

51
Q

Unsaturated fatty acids are carbons that…

A

Are not saturated with hydrogen (come from plants).

52
Q

Saturated fatty acids are…

A

Full of hydrogen (come from solids such as butter).

53
Q

____ are different from fats in structure and function. Two common types are cholesterol, which is your body’s ____, and ____ _____ steroids, which are illegal and dangerous.

A

Steroids; “base steroid”; synthetic anabolic steroids

54
Q
  1. What does synthetic mean?
  2. What does anabolic mean?
  3. What are synthetic anabolic steroids variants of?
  4. Why are they so dangerous?
A
  1. Synthetic means “made by humans.”
  2. Anabolic means “build muscle.”
  3. They are variants of testosterone.
  4. They cause short- and long-term health problems.
55
Q

True or false: a protein is a polymer constructed from amino acid monomers.

A

True.

56
Q

___ perform most of the tasks the body needs to function.

A

Proteins

57
Q

All proteins are constructed from a common set of ___ kinds of amino acids.

A

Twenty

58
Q

Cells link amino acids together by ______.

A

Dehydration synthesis

59
Q

A polypeptide = …

A

Protein

60
Q

True or false: a slight change in the structure of a protein does not affect its ability to function.

A

False. Any slight change in the structure affects its ability to function.

61
Q

A protein’s shape is sensitive to the surrounding environment. Temperature and pH changes can ___ a protein, which means it could deprive the protein from its natural properties.

A

Denature

62
Q

What do nucleic acids do?

A

They are information storage molecules and give directions for building proteins (hormones, enzymes, etc.)

63
Q

What are two types of nucleic acids? What do they stand for? What are nucleic acids polymers of?

A

Two types of nucleic acids are DNA (DeoxyriboNucleic Acid) and RNA (RiboNucleic Acid). Nucleic acids are polymers of nucleotides.

64
Q

What are the four bases of DNA? Which base pairs off with which?

What are the four bases of RNA? Which base pairs off with which?

A

Adenine (A), Cytosine (C), Guanine (G), and Thymine (T). Adenine and thymine pair off with each other, while cytosine and guanine pair off with each other.

RNA has the same bases, except for thymine. Instead of thymine, it has Uracil (U). Adenine and uracil pair off with each other, while cytosine and guanine pair off with each other.

65
Q

What’s one difference between DNA and RNA?

A

DNA has one less oxygen, while RNA has one extra OH group.

66
Q

Cell membranes are composed of ____, a special kind of lipid.

A

Phospholipids

67
Q

True or false: most membranes have specific proteins embedded in the phospholipid bilayer.

A

True

68
Q

The nucleus is the ___ of the cell, and contains ___ that store information necessary to produce proteins.

A

Powerhouse; genes

69
Q

True or false: ribosomes function as construction sites and construction workers because they build all the cell’s proteins.

A

True

70
Q

The Golgi apparatus….

A

Partners with the E.R. and refines, stores, and packages

71
Q

A lysosome is ____ and act in ____.

A

A membrane-enclosed sac; digestion

72
Q

Mitochondria are the site of ____.

A

Cellular respiration

73
Q

True or false: the cytoskeleton maintains the shape of a cell.

A

True

74
Q

Cilia and flagella are moving ____, which are attached to the cell.

A

Appendages

75
Q

The flagella propel the cell in a ___ motion like a tail, while cilia move in a coordinated _____ motion like little hairs.

A

Whiplike; back-and-forth

76
Q

True or false: Animal cells have cell walls

A

False

77
Q

Energy is the ___ to perform work.

A

Capacity

78
Q

____ energy is energy in motion, whereas ____ energy is energy in storage.

A

Kinetic; potential

79
Q

True or false: energy can be created or destroyed.

A

False. The conservation of energy states that energy can be converted from one form to another, but it cannot be created or destroyed.

80
Q

What type of energy is heat?

A

Kinetic energy. It is randomized energy and cannot be predicted it will go.

81
Q

What type of energy is chemical energy?

A

Potential energy. It’s found in food, gas, and other fuels.

82
Q

Cell respiration is the…

A

Energy-releasing chemical breakdown of fuel molecules.

83
Q

Fill in the following sentence:

A calorie is the amount of energy that ____ the temperature of __ gram of water by __ degree Celsuis.

A

raises; one; one

84
Q

The chemical energy of organic molecules is released in cell respiration to make ATP. This release occurs in the ____.

A

Mitochodria

85
Q

Which type of cells demand more oxygen?

A

Muscle cells.

86
Q

What does ATP stand for?

A

Adenosine triphosphate

87
Q

True or false: each enzyme has to fit one specific substrate; they are also reusable.

A

True. The active site fits to the substrate and the enzyme changes shape slightly; induced fit.

88
Q

Enzyme inhibitors…

A

Inhibit a metabolic reaction and bind to the active site, as substrate impostors. It binds to an enzyme and decreases its activity.

89
Q

Aerobic metabolism is when __(1)___, whereas anaerobic metabolism is when __(2)__. Without enough oxygen, muscle cells break down glucose to produce __(3)__ acid.

A

1) enough oxygen reaches the cells
2) demand for oxygen exceeds body’s ability to deliver (muscle cells)
3) lactic

90
Q

1) Plants are otherwise known as…

2) Consumers are otherwise known as…

A

1) Autotrophs (self-feeding)

2) Heterotrophs (consume another plant/animal)

91
Q

The overall equation for cellular respiration and photosynthesis is…

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 –> 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP/Sunlight

Cellular respiration:
Glucose + oxygen –> Carbon dioxide + Water + Energy

Photosynthesis:
Energy + Water + Carbon dioxide –> Oxygen + Glucose

92
Q

How many ATPs does glycolysis produce?

How many ATPs does the Krebs Cycle produce?

How many ATPs does the Electron Transport Chain produce?

A

Glycolysis produces 2 ATPs.

The Krebs Cycle produces 2 ATPs.

The Electron Transport Chain produces 34 ATPs.

93
Q

In which stage of cellular respiration is pyruvic acid turned into a usable form? What is this “usable form” called?

A

Krebs Cycle. The usable form is called Acetyl-CoA (acetyl-coenzyme A)

94
Q

In which stage of cellular respiration is a molecule of glucose split into two molecules? How many carbons does glucose have? After it splits, how many carbons do each molecule of glucose have?

A

Glycolysis is the stage in which glucose is split into two. It originally has six carbons, but after it is split, each molecule has three carbons.

95
Q

The ____ is the stage that releases energy your cells need to make most of their ATP.

A

Electron Transport Chain.

96
Q

During ETC, __(1)__ get pumped over a mitochondrial membrane and flow back to where they release energy. They flow through an enzyme called __(2)__.

A

1) hydrogen ions

2) ATP synthase

97
Q

___ always seeks balance.

A

Diffusion

98
Q

1) ___ are holes in a leaf that allows carbon dioxide to go through.
2) ___ are disc-shaped membranous sacs found in chloroplasts.
3) ___ is thick fluid that surrounds thylakoids.

A

1) Stomata
2) Thylakoids
3) Stroma

99
Q

1) Which plants open their stomata only at night?
2) Which plants have an enzyme that still allow them to close their stomata without affecting the photosynthesis process?
3) Which plants get close their stomata during hot and dry weather that does affect the photosynthesis process?

A

1) CAM plants
2) C4 plants
3) C3 plants

100
Q

1) The Greenhouse Effect…

2) ___ are the most likely cause of climate change (hint: destruction of forests)

A

1) warms the atmosphere and acts as a blanket, trapping the energy onto the planet
2) Greenhouses gases

101
Q

How many carbons are in glucose?

A

6

102
Q

How many carbons are in Acetyl-CoA?

A

2

103
Q

How many carbons are in pyruvic acid?

A

3

Biology (7 decks)

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