Chapters 14,15,16

Question 1

How can energy imbalances adversely affect fertility?

Answer 1

Altering hormone levels and promoting oxidative damage.

Question 2

Name a hormone imbalance which tends to occur with upper body obesity that causes infertility?

Answer 2

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

Question 3

List (6) nutritional factors that may improve male / female fertility:

Answer 3

Low glycemic index carbs, unsaturated fats, antioxidants, folate, iron zinc.

Question 4

How long is each trimester?

Answer 4

13 or 14 weeks

Question 5

List the 3 main growth stages of baby growth

Answer 5

Zygote, embryo, fetus

Question 6

Which trimester is the baby most susceptible to damage from exposure to toxic agents or nutritional deficiency

Answer 6

1st

Question 7

Which trimester do organs and limbs start to grow?

Answer 7

2nd

Question 8

This trimester is marked by rapid fetal growth and storage of nutrients

Answer 8

3rd

Question 9

What are the 2 hallmarks of a successful pregnancy?

Answer 9

Gestation longer than 37 weeks & brithweight higher than 5.5 lbs or 2.5 kilos

Question 10

3 factors that predict pregnancy success

Answer 10

Early and regular prenatal care, maternal age 20 - 35 , adequate nutrition

Question 11

Name a viral infection that can cause a poor pregnancy

Answer 11

Listeria

Question 12

For women with a normal BMI how much weight should be gained?

Answer 12

25 - 35 lbs

Question 13

Does being over or underweight affect how much weight you should gain with pregnancy?

Answer 13

Yes Underweight More / Overweight Less

Question 14

Should a woman increase the amount of food during the first trimestre?

Answer 14

No, however the quality should improve

Question 15

How many extra kcal does a woman need during the 2nd and 3rd trimester?

Answer 15

350 - 450 per day

Question 16

What is edema?

Answer 16

Build up of interstitial fluid in the system

Question 17

List advantages of breast milk over formula: (4)

Answer 17

Fewer infections, reduced risk of atopic diseases, lower risk for obesity, & type 2 diabetes

Question 18

Benefits for the mother of breast feeding:

Answer 18

Reduced risk of cancers, quicker recovery from pregnancy, faster return to prepregancy weight.

Question 19

3 micronutrients to prevent birth defects:

Answer 19

Folic acids, iodine, antioxidants

Question 20

Access of _______ & ______ should be avoided.

Answer 20

Vitamin A & Caffeine

Question 21

In women excess adipose tissue affects the ability to get pregnant how?

Answer 21

Decreased availability of reproductive hormones and insulin resistance.

Question 22

How does being overweight affects males ability to reproduce?

Answer 22

Fat increases estrogen and decreases testosterone.

Extra fat raises the temperature of the testicles

Question 23

A condition of hormonal imbalances in a woman that can lead to infertility, weight gain in abdominal region, body hair and acne

Answer 23

Polycycstic ovary syndrome (PCOS)

Question 24

Leading cause of female infertility

Answer 24

Polycystic ovary syndrome

Question 25

Most important vitamin for pregnancy

Answer 25

Folate

Question 26

What causes free radicals?

Answer 26

Chemical reactions from metabolism

Question 27

Oxidative damage to cells is causes by:

Answer 27

Free radicals

Question 28

Two minerals linked to fertility

Answer 28

Iron and Zinc

Question 29

Which mineral is important for sperm

Answer 29

Zinc

Question 30

Egg and sperm unite to form a:

Answer 30

Zygote

Question 31

How long after fertilization is an embryo formed?

Answer 31

14 days

Question 32

How long after fertilization is a fetus formed?

Answer 32

8 weeks

Question 33

Gestation

Answer 33

Period of offspring development normally 38 - 42 weeks

Question 34

LBW low birth weight is defined as:

Answer 34

Under 2.5 kils or 5.5 lbs