Chapters 26 & 27 Quiz

Question 1

Which one of the following lipoproteins is the major carrier of cholesterol?

Answer 1

LDLs

Question 2

The receptors that bind and remove LDLs to carry cholesterol from the circulation are mainly located in the:

Answer 2

liver

Question 2

The receptors that bind and remove LDLs to carry cholesterol from the circulation are mainly located in the:

Answer 2

liver

Question 3

Which one of the following total serum cholesterol levels is considered desirable? A total serum cholesterol:

Answer 3

less than 200 mg/dL

Question 4

Causes of secondary hyperlipoproteinemia include:

Answer 4

diabetes mellitus and obesity

Question 5

Lifestyle factors that increase the risk of atherosclerosis by producing a decrease in HDLs include:

Answer 5

smoking cigarettes

Question 6

Atherosclerosis is characterized by

Answer 6

formation of fibrofatty plaques in the intimal lining of arteries

Question 7

Atherosclerosis exerts its effects through:

Answer 7

narrowing of the vessel lumen and production of ischemia, disruption of the endothelial lining of the vessel that leads to blood clot formation, weakening of the vessel wall with aneurysm formation

Question 8

An embolus can involve all EXCEPT:
a blood clot in the arterial system
an obstruction of blood flow caused by a stable atherosclerotic plaque
a foreign mass that is transported in the bloodstream
a moving blood clot

Answer 8

an obstruction of blood flow caused by a stable atherosclerotic plaque

Question 9

Redness that follows temporary occlusion of superficial blood vessels is caused by:

Answer 9

hyperemia associated with compensatory increase in capillary flow

Question 10

Loss of subcutaneous fat, reduced muscle size, and thin, shiny skin with hair loss on both legs indicate:

Answer 10

chronic tissue ischemia

Question 11

A dissecting aneurysm can be described as:

Answer 11

separation and bleeding between the layers of an arterial wall

Question 12

Compression of the lumbar nerve roots causing low back and leg pain may be caused by which vascular disease?

Answer 12

Abdominal aortic aneurysm

Question 13

Two factors that predispose people to the development of varicose veins are:

Answer 13

obesity and standing for long periods of time

Question 14

Conditions that contribute to the development of venous thrombosis include:

Answer 14

immobility

Question 15

If you found the following signs: reddish-brown discoloration above the medial malleolus, edema from the calf to the foot, plus Homans sign, and increased heat over the skin on the lower leg, what would you suspect has happened?

Answer 15

Chronic venous insufficiency with thrombophlebitis

Question 16

The risk of developing a venous thrombosis is high in the presence of three groups of factors. Which group of factors DOES NOT increase risk?

Answer 16

hypertensive conditons

Question 17

The sympathetic nervous system regulates blood pressure through its effect on:

Answer 17

heart rate, strength of myocardial contraction, and peripheral vascular resistance

Question 18

Long-term regulation of blood pressure depends on function of the:

Answer 18

kidneys in terms of regulating body levels of salt and water

Question 19

According to the Joint National Committee on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of Hypertension (JNC VIII), which of the following systolic (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) values is indicative of a diagnosis of hypertension (stage 1):

Answer 19

SBP > 130 and DBP > 80 mm Hg

Question 19

According to the Joint National Committee on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of Hypertension (JNC VIII), which of the following systolic (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) values is indicative of a diagnosis of hypertension (stage 1):

Answer 19

SBP > 130 and DBP > 80 mm Hg

Question 20

The diagnosis and follow-up treatment of hypertension requires accurate measurement of blood pressure. This requires:
carefully calibrated manometers
correct cuff size
inflation of the cuff to correct level and deflation at the appropriate rate
persons who are correctly trained in blood pressure measurement methods
all of the above

Answer 20

all of the above

Question 21

Undercuffing (using a cuff that is too small) can result in:

Answer 21

blood pressures that are too high

Question 22

Essential hypertension represents an elevation in blood pressure that occurs:

Answer 22

without an identified cause

Question 23

Factors that predispose people to the development of essential hypertension include:

Answer 23

obesity and high sodium intake

Question 24

Evidence of target organ damage in long-term hypertension includes:

Answer 24

chronic kidney disease

Question 25

What group of medications for hypertension act by decreasing angiotensin II and its multiple effects on blood pressure?

Answer 25

ACE inhibitors

Question 26

The most common cause of secondary hypertension is:

Answer 26

renal vascular diease

Question 27

Pregnancy-induced hypertension is thought to be related to:

Answer 27

toxic mediators released as a result of impaired perfusion of the placenta that alter the function of the endothelial cells of blood vessels

Question 28

Isolated systolic hypertension in the elderly can best be explained in terms of:

Answer 28

increased rigidity of the aorta that occurs with aging

Question 29

Postural hypotension represents:

Answer 29

an abnormal drop in blood pressure on assumption of the upright position

Question 30

Cardiac tamponade refers to:

Answer 30

compression of the heart caused by excess fluid in the pericardial sac

Question 31

The reason that coronary blood flow is less during systole than during diastole is because:

Answer 31

the contracting myocardial fibers compress the intramyocardial blood vessels during systole

Question 32

Rest is beneficial in relieving the pain associated with angina because during rest:

Answer 32

the coronary circulation is adequate to meet the metabolic needs of the heart

Question 33

Which one of the following types of medication is frequently prescribed to reduce the risk of coronary thrombosis (in the absence of angina)?

Answer 33

Antiplatelet drugs such as aspirin

Question 34

The manifestations of unstable angina include:

Answer 34

symptoms at rest lasting longer than 20 minutes marked limitations of ordinary activity (walking 1-2 blocks, climbing a flight of stairs) recent acceleration in anginal signs

Question 35

The signs and symptoms of myocardial infarction include:

Answer 35

severe crushing chest pain and sensation of nausea and indigestion

Question 36

The most common complication of early myocardial infarction is:

Answer 36

dysrhythmias

Question 37

The predisposing factors associated with development of subacute infective endocarditis are:

Answer 37

a portal of entry for the microorganism and a damaged endocardium

Question 38

Causes of infective endocarditis include: rheumatic fever intravenous drug abuse intravenous catheters that are used in hospitals prosthetic heart valves all of the above

Answer 38

all of the above

Question 39

The ejection fraction (normally about 65%) is often used as a measure of heart function. It is determined by:

Answer 39

dividing the amount of blood ejected from the heart during systole by the end-diastolic volume and multiplying by 100 to obtain a percentage

Question 40

Sympathetic stimulation of the heart will:

Answer 40

increase heart rate and increase the strength of cardiac contraction

Question 41

According to the Frank-Starling mechanism:

Answer 41

increasing venous return produces an increase in stroke volume output because of diastolic stretching of myocardial fibers

Question 42

Compensatory mechanisms that come into play in heart failure include:

Answer 42

myocardial hypertrophy, increased sympathetic stimulation, the RAA

Question 43

Heart failure can best be described as:

Answer 43

inability of the heart to pump sufficient blood to meet the needs of the body

Question 44

Manifestations of weight gain caused by peripheral edema, ascites, right upper quadrant abdominal pain, and anorexia suggest the presence of:

Answer 44

right-sided heart failure

Question 45

Signs and symptoms of left-sided heart failure include:

Answer 45

cyanosis, cough with frothy sputum, fine pulmonary crackles(rales)

Question 46

In heart failure, dyspnea often develops when the person has been lying down for several hours. This is because assumption of the supine position causes:

Answer 46

mobilization and redistribution of edema fluid from the dependent areas of the body to the lungs

Question 47

Acute pulmonary edema is characterized by:

Answer 47

dyspnea, air hunger, and cyanosis, cough that is productive of frothy sometimes blood-tinged sputum

Question 48

Cardiogenic shock represents the inability of the heart to pump blood consistent with the perfusion needs of body tissues. The most common cause of cardiogenic shock is:

Answer 48

MI

Question 49

Anaphylactic shock is associated with:

Answer 49

presence of vasodilator substances in the blood

Question 50

Obstructive shock results from mechanical obstruction to flow of blood through the central circulation. The most common cause of obstructive shock is:

Answer 50

pulmonary embolism

Question 51

Causes of hypovolemic shock include:

Answer 51

vomiting and loss of body fluids

Question 52

The pale, cool, and â clammyâ skin that is often observed in an individual with shock can best be explained in terms of:

Answer 52

the body's attempt to shunt blood to vital organs by constricting skin vessels

Question 53

In shock, one of the best indicators of blood flow to vital organs is:

Answer 53

urine output

Question 54

Sepsis and septic shock are forms of:

Answer 54

distributive shock

Question 55

According to the American Heart Association, major risk factors for atherosclerosis that can be changed include:

Answer 55

hypertension, cigarette smoking, blood cholesterol levels

Question 56

The effects of hypertension on the heart are largely manifested in terms of:

Answer 56

left ventricular hypertrophy

Question 57

The functional cause of stable angina is:

Answer 57

disparity between oxygen supplied by the coronary vessels and the metabolic demand of the heart

Question 58

The acute coronary syndromes include

Answer 58

unstable angina non-ST segment elevation (non-STEMI) myocardial infarction ST-segment elevation (STEMI) myocardial infarction

Question 59

The acute coronary syndromes are caused by:

Answer 59

vulnerable atherosclerotic plaque

Question 60

Following a myocardial infarction, the myocardial tissue that has been replaced by scar tissue will:

Answer 60

serve to maintain the structural continuity of the myocardium

Question 61

The most common initial manifestations of dilated cardiomyopathies relate to:

Answer 61

heart failure

Question 62

Rheumatic fever is essentially a preventable form of heart disease that results from:

Answer 62

direct invasion of heart tissue by group-A hemolytic streptococcus

Question 63

The cardiac reserve refers to the:

Answer 63

ability to adjust pumping ability to meet the varying needs of the body

Question 64

The main preload work of the heart results from:

Answer 64

venous return to the heart

Question 65

Circulatory shock can best be described as a condition in which there is:

Answer 65

inadequate blood flow to meet the metabolic needs of body tissues

Question 66

Early signs of hypovolemic shock include:

Answer 66

restlessness, thirst, and increased heart rate

Question 67

The characteristic manifestations of early septic shock include all but which one of the following?

Answer 67

Vasoconstriction with cool, clammy skin

Question 68

Raynaud's phenomenon is characterized by _____________, while thromboangiitis obliterans (Buergers disease) is characterized by ____________ of the arterial vessels in the hands and/or feet.

Answer 68

Vasospasm; inflammation

Question 69

The diastolic blood pressure represents the:

Answer 69

pressure maintained by the energy stored in the aorta during systole

Question 70

The systolic component of blood pressure most directly reflects the:

Answer 70

stroke volume output and the distensibility of the aorta

Question 71

Target-organ damage that occurs as the result of long-term uncontrolled hypertension is associated with:

Answer 71

atherosclerosis

Question 72

Anginal pain does not develop in a number of people with advanced coronary atherosclerosis because of:

Answer 72

the development of adequate collateral circulation

Question 73

About 30% to 50% of people die from acute myocardial infarction in the first few hours because of which complication?

Answer 73

Ventricular fibrillation

Question 74

The mechanisms of septic shock are thought to relate to:

Answer 74

dysregulated release of inflammatory mediators

Question 75

Angina caused by spasm of a coronary blood vessel is often referred to as:

Answer 75

variant (Prinzmetal) angina

Question 76

With advanced mitral stenosis, there is:

Answer 76

increased pressure in the pulmonary veins and pulmonary edema

Question 77

Because of its arterial location, often the first sign of an abdominal aneurysm is:

Answer 77

a pulsating abdominal mass

Question 78

The arterial blood pressure is directly determined by the:

Answer 78

cardiac output

Question 79

The arterial blood pressure is directly determined by the:

Answer 79

cardiac output