chemistry chapter 3+22

Question 0

Gold foil experiment

Answer 0

Helped us figure out:

• the atom is mostly empty space
• small space where the protons and neutrons are located

Question 1

Proton

Answer 1

+ charge
Mass: 1 amu
Found by Rutherford with the Gold Foil experiment
Determines the atomic number and determines the element

Question 2

Electron

Answer 2

Negative charge
Mass: too small to count (Millikan found the actual mass with the oil drop experiment)
Determines chemical properties
Found by Thompson with the Cathode Ray exp.

Question 3

Cathode ray experiment

Answer 3

Helped us with the discovery of the electron

Question 4

Neutron

Answer 4

No charge
Mass: slightly larger than 1 amu
Determines isotopes of an element
Job: buffers the charge of the protons in the nucleus
Found by Chadwick (his exp. had no name)
Harder to find because it had no charge

Question 5

Atomic radius

Answer 5

Range for elements

To find: take two atoms put them side by side measure the distance form one to another and divide by 2

Question 6

Mass spectrometer

Answer 6

Used to find average atomic mass for an element

- gives us the mass of each isotope

Question 7

Electron cloud

Answer 7

Includes:

• 7 energy levels/energy shells
• shells identified with letters (K-Q)

Question 8

Energy levels

Answer 8

Level            Max e- 
   1                 2e-
   2                 8e-
   3                 18e- 
   4                 32e-

Question 9

Sub levels

Answer 9

4 sub levels (S, P, D, F)

-then divided into orbitals

Question 10

Mole

Answer 10

SI base unit for amount of substance
1 mole= 6.02x10 23power particles
That is Avagadro’s constant
Moles are carried out to 2 decimal places
How much it weighs depends on the substance

Question 11

Formula mass

Answer 11

Mass of one particle (Avagadro’s constant) of a substance in atomic mass units (amu)
- 2 decimal places

Question 12

Molar mass

Answer 12

Mass in grams of one mole of a substance (g/mol)

• number is same as formula mass but units are different
• 2 decimal places

Question 13

Stable

Answer 13

Remains the same and doesn’t want or need to change

Question 14

Unstable

Answer 14

Does not stay the same, naturally a change is going to occur, cannot maintain itself

Question 15

Nuclear chemistry

Answer 15

Focuses on nucleus

Question 16

Nucleons

Answer 16

Protons and or neutrons

Question 17

Nuclide

Answer 17

Nucleus of an isotope

Question 18

Nuclear binding energy

Answer 18

Force created from the lost mass when the nucleus is formed

All lose some mass

Question 19

Nuclear stability

Answer 19

Where we look at the ratio of protons to neutrons in the nucleus of each isotope

Question 20

Radioactivity (radioisotope)

Answer 20

Occurs when dealing with unstable nuclides

• Nucleus is too large and will undergo change and releases particles and or radiation
  
  • electrons leave if protons leave

Question 21

Nuclear decay

Answer 21

automatically adjusts and you can even lose an energy level

Question 22

Alpha particle

Answer 22

Basically just a Helium nucleus
Mass: 4 amu
Charge: 2+

Question 23

Beta particle

Answer 23

Charge: 1-
Mass: almost none

Question 24

Gamma

Answer 24

Most dangerous All energy Charge: none Mass: none

Question 25

Positron

Answer 25

Positive electron Charge: 1+ Mass: almost none

Question 26

Half life

Answer 26

Time for half of a radioactive material to decay (give off radiation making it stable) Length of time Inverse relationship REMEMBER- if only half decays the other half is still radioactive

Question 27

Nuclear reactions

Answer 27

Must be balanced for the mass and charge of the reactants and products

Question 28

Capture

Answer 28

Taken

Question 29

Emission

Answer 29

Being released

Question 30

Fusion

Answer 30

Taking small atoms and fusing them together into one larger particle

Question 31

Fission

Answer 31

Process of breaking large radioactive isotopes into smaller particles and releasing energy

Question 32

Roentgen

Answer 32

Measures nuclear radiation exposure to the environment

Question 33

Rems

Answer 33

Measures nuclear radiation exposure to humans

Question 34

Uses of radio isotopes

Answer 34

``` Carbon dating Nuclear power plants Smoke detectors Irradiation of meat Nuclear medicine (radiation treatment or tracers) ```