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Methods 2B > Chest - Alveoli > Flashcards

Chest - Alveoli Flashcards

1
Q

Another name for tuberculosis

A

PT or the consumption

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2
Q

What is Gon’s Focus?

A

Small granuloid pockets that are typically located at the top of the chest.

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3
Q

Radiographic signs of TB

A

Granuloid masses in apex of lungs (gons focus)

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4
Q

Patient presentation for TB

A

dry cough

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5
Q

What is a Gon’s complex?

A

When GOns focus gets into the lymph and retained.

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6
Q

Imaging pathways for TB

A

PA and lat followed by a lordotic view if gons is supsected

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7
Q

positioning for a lordotic view

A

AP and angle beam 20-30 degrees. OR

AP and instruct patient to take a step forwards and lean their back into bucky whilst hips stay still

lower back and bottom shouldnt touch IR.

Make sure beam still perpendicular to anatomy.

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8
Q

Purpose of lordotic view

A

to push clavicles out of lung fields

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9
Q

Another name for COPD or COAL

A

CAL

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10
Q

What does CAL stand for?

A

Chronic Airways limitation

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11
Q

What causes CAL?

A

Smoking causes a fibrotic change and a loss of elasticity…

pressure of cough will pop the alveoli wall creating one large alveoli and a broken alveoli wall (loss of surface area).

Gas exchanges is reduced and alveoli have to work harder causing more to pop.

healthy alveoli try to get bigger to deal with lack of oxygen.

These enlarged alveoli will push and flatten the diagram as well as pushing anteropostero causing a barrel chest.

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12
Q

What does a patient with CAL try to do to increase oxygen intake

A

purse their lips to breath,

doesnt actually cause more oxygen to inhale but the pressure makes them feel like it does,

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13
Q

Technical changes for a CAL

A

Less surface tension and more air in lung field so lessen exposure.

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14
Q

What is a bullous ephysema?

A

Lung alveoli becomes MASSIVE

Alveoli becomes so large it can be seen on CXR.

Can be linked with CAL.. patient may be on a oxygen tank. they will have less oxygen to the brain and less energy.

Multiple bullae can occur

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15
Q

TAA

A

Thoracic Aorta Aneurysm

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16
Q

What is cardiomegaly?

A

enlarged heart.

Hypertrophy of the heart chambers

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17
Q

LVF

A

left ventricular failure

18
Q

When does LVF occur

A

when patient cant push blood around body.

Left ventricle enlarges to try and push more blood.

Extra fluid can be from renal failure.

19
Q

What shape is the heart typically during LVF

A

Boot shaped and near touching thoracic wall

20
Q

How to differentiate cardiamegaly and LVF

A

Look at CARDIAC WAIST

Cmegaly has a straight line from left atria to left ventricle , whereas LVF has a waist/ inpouching

21
Q

Acute

Pulmonary

Oedema

Meaning

A

Acute: small time frame

Pulmonary: pertaining to the lungs

odema: build up of fluid.

22
Q

How does acute pulm odema occur?

A

Pathogen causes body to be unable to expose fluid.

body STORES FLUID IN CELLS whilst trying to expell it.

Alveoli get full and gas exchange is very poor.

lung cells particularly full.

basically drowning.

23
Q

treatment for Acute pulm odema

A

Dialysis

24
Q

Exposure parameters for Acute pulm odema

A

More fluid so higher dose is needed to push through it.

USE GRID

25
Q

Patient presentations for Acute pulm Odema

A

Gargly voice

Sweaty (trying to expose fluid)

26
Q

Acute pulm odeam radiographic appearance

A

whiteout throughout the lungs

27
Q

How to best visulise a puml emboli?

A

CT w/ contrast during pulmonary phase and look for filling defects.

28
Q

What is Pneumoconiosis

A

Breathing in of fine particles

it is a group of pathologies.

29
Q

Links of pneumoconiosis and birds?

A

mites under feathers can be inhaled . known as Bird fanciers lung

30
Q

What occurs during pneumoconiosis

A

Body tries to encapsulate and insulate FB. through a calcific change,

31
Q

What can asbestos cause?

A

fibrosis and pneumoconiosis and mesophelioma

32
Q

Radiographic appearance of asbestos

A

Fibrosis near diaphragm and throughout lung

pleural plaques in lung

33
Q

Mesothelioma apperance

A

masses on periphery of thorax

34
Q

What is anthracosis

A

a form of pneumoconiosis.

coal miners lung/ black lung

common in Newcastle and can have whole days of CXRs when coal miner clinics open.

35
Q

Anthracosis appearance

A

calcifications and pleural plaques, fibrotic chanegs … TYPICALLY IN UPPER AREAS OF LUNGS

36
Q

how are pneumoconiosis differnitatied?

A

patients clinical history and occupational history

37
Q

What life style factor does lung cancer have a strong connection with?

A

CAL

38
Q

lung cancer appearance

A

opacities in lung

39
Q

what are coin lesions

A

smaller and multiple cancer masses that appear rounded and slightly radiopaque

40
Q

What does FNAB stand for?

A

Fine needle Aspiration biopsy.

41
Q

What is a pathology caused by medical intervention known as?

A

Iatrogenic

42
Q

What can be a risk of FNAB?

A

Iatrogenic pneumothorax

Methods 2B (8 decks)

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