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Introductory Biochemistry > Chocolate, Caffeine & Drug Addiction > Flashcards

Chocolate, Caffeine & Drug Addiction Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three types of polymorph crystals stearic acid (found in chocolate) can form?

A
  1. Alpha
  2. Beta prime
  3. Beta
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2
Q

When adding a polymer to chocolate, such as cornstarch or gelatin, the melting point increases. Which increases the melting point the most?

A

Cornstarch

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3
Q

What ‘happy’ chemicals are found in chocolate?

A
  1. Serotonin
  2. Phenylethylamine
  3. Theobromine
  4. Anandamine
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4
Q

Theobromine and caffeine belong to class of alkaloid molecules known as what?

A

Methylxanthines

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5
Q

Is theobromine a weak or strong stimulant?

A

A weak stimulant

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6
Q

Theobromine is converted into trimethylxanthine by what enzyme?

A

Caffeine synthase

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7
Q

Theobromine is a mild diuretic. What does this mean?

A

It slightly increases urine production

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8
Q

What is the half-life of theobromine in the human body after consumption?

A

6-10 hours

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9
Q

Caffeine can bind to what receptor as an antagonist?

A

Adenosine receptors

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10
Q

What two types of adenosine receptors does adenosine act via?

A

A1 and A2

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11
Q

When you are short of oxygen, adenosine acts via adenosine receptors. What does this do to the heart?

A

Slows it down

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12
Q

Where is adenosine secreted from?

A

The brain

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13
Q

What does adenosine accumulation in the brain signal to the brain?

A

That is has been working hard and needs to relax and replenish energy

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14
Q

What happens to adenosine concentration in the brain during sleep?

A

It decreases

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15
Q

What is anandamide?

A

A neurotransmitter

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16
Q

Where is anandamide stored and in what form?

A

It is stored in the cell membrane as a phospholipid

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17
Q

Anandamide activates the same cell membrane receptors as what other chemical?

A

Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)

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18
Q

What is the active ingredient in marijuana?

A

Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)

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19
Q

N-acylethanolamines inhibit the break down of what natural chemical?

A

Natural anandamide

20
Q

Phenylethylamine is related to amphetamines. What does it to the mind and body?

A
  1. It raises blood pressure and blood glucose levels
  2. It makes us feel alert and gives us a sense of well-being
21
Q

Amphetamine, cocaine, and other psychostimulants block the re-uptake of amines into the what?

A

The presynaptic neurons

22
Q

Amphetamine, cocaine, and other psychostimulants increase the potency of what neurotransmitters?

A

Dopamine, noradrenaline, and serotonin

23
Q

By what mechanism does the body cool down?

A

Vasodilation

24
Q

By what mechanism does the body heat up?

A

Vasoconstriction

25
Q

Why do we only feel heat from infrared wavelengths but not ultraviolet wavelengths?

A

Because the proteins in the skin absorb UV light, but IR penetrates to our temperature sensors

26
Q

What wavelengths does rhodopsin react to?

A

400-700nm

27
Q

What temperature-sensing ion channel is activated by heat and capsaicin?

A

TRPV1

28
Q

What temperature-sensing ion channel is activated by cooling and menthol?

A

TRPM8

29
Q

What is capsaicin?

A

The main medicinally active component of chilli peppers

30
Q

What are the four characteristics of an addictive drug?

A
  1. Physical dependence from the user
  2. Physical change in the user
  3. The need to maintain the change requires constant re-administration of the drug
  4. A tolerance to the drug develops and so the dosage slowly increases
31
Q

What type of addictive drugs are morphine and heroin?

A

Barbiturates

32
Q

What is habituation?

A

Although there may be no physical dependence on the drugs, they may induce psychic or mental dependence

33
Q

What type of drugs are codeine, morphine, and heroin?

A

Opiates

34
Q

What type of receptors are opiate receptors?

A

G protein-coupled receptors

35
Q

What type of synthetic drug is fentanyl?

A

A synthetic opiate

36
Q

Barbiturates are depressants for what bodily system?

A

The central nervous system

37
Q

Barbiturates are all derived from what?

A

Barbituric acid

38
Q

The compounds phenylethylamine, methamphetamine, MDMA/speed, are all derived from what parent drug?

A

Amphetamines

39
Q

What bodily system do amphetamines stimulate?

A

The central nervous system

40
Q

The release of acetylcholine causes what in muscle tissues?

A

Muscle contraction

41
Q

What are the physical effects of cannabis?

A

Reddening of eyes and dryness of mouth

42
Q

What are the mental effects of cannabis?

A
  1. A lack of concentration
  2. Misdirected emotional responses
  3. Distortion of time and distance judgement
43
Q

What type of receptors do THC and cannabinoids act on?

A

Cannabinoid receptors

44
Q

What do THC and other cannabinoids inhibit?

A

Adenylate cyclase

45
Q

Do THC and other cannabinoids stimulate or inhibit neurotransmitter release?

A

Inhibit

46
Q

What is the receptor for serotonin?

A

Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) receptor, known as 5-HT receptor

47
Q

What drug binds to the 5-HT receptor and inhibits their firing in specific areas of the brain?

A

LSD

Introductory Biochemistry (16 decks)

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