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Chp 1 Structure and Function of Body Systems Flashcards

1
Q

There are approximately _____ bones in the body.

A

206

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2
Q

Vertebral Column:
____ _____ vertebrae in the neck region
____ _____ vertebrae in the middle to upper back
____ _____ vertebrae, which make up the lower back
____ _____ vertebrae, which are fused together and make up the rear part of the pelvis
____ _____ vertebrae, which form a kind of vestigial internal tail

A 
7; cervical
12; thoracic
5; lumbar
5; sacral
3 - 5; coccygeal
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3
Q

endomysium

A

surrounding individual fibers

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4
Q

epimysium

A

the outer layer, covers more than 430 skeletal muscles

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5
Q

perimysium

A

surrounding each fasciculus, or group of fibers, up to 150 fibers

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6
Q

Endomysium is encircled by and is contiguous with the fiber’s membrane, or _____.

A

sarcolemma

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7
Q

Hundreds of myofibrils dominate the _____.

A

sarcoplasm

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8
Q

Sarcoplasm is the _____ of a muscle fiber. It contains _____, _____, _____, _____, and specialized organelles such as _____ and the _____.

A

cytoplasm; proteins; stored glycogen; fat particles; enzymes; mitochondria; sarcoplasmic reticulum

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9
Q

motor end plate = ?

A

neuromuscular junction, which is the junction between a motor neuron and the muscle fibers it innervates

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10
Q

a motor unit = ?

A

a motor neuron + the muscle fibers it innervates

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11
Q

Myofibrils contain the apparatus that _____, which consists of two types of myofilaments, _____ and _____.

A

contracts the muscle cells; myosin; actin

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12
Q

structure of the human heart

A 
left atrium
mitral valve
left ventricle
aortic valve
right atrium
tricuspid valve
right ventricle
pulmonary valve
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13
Q

Stimulation of the _____ nerves accelerates _____ of the SA node and causes the heart to beat _____.

A

sympathetic; depolarization; faster

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14
Q

Stimulation of the _____ nervous system _____ the rate of SA node discharge thus _____ the heart rate.

A

parasympathetic; slows; slows

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15
Q

normal resting heart range:

A

60 - 100 beats/min

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16
Q

bradycardia

A

< 60 beats/min

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17
Q

tachycardia

A

> 100 beats/min

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18
Q

atrioventricular valves = _____ + _____

A

AV valves = mitral valve + tricuspid valve

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19
Q

semilunar valves = _____ + _____

A

pulmonary valve + aortic valve

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20
Q

The conduction system is composed of _____.

A 
SA node
internodal pathways
AV node
AV bundle
left bundle branch
right bundle branch
Purkinje fibers
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21
Q

Electrocardiogram (ECG) is the graphic representation of the _____. It is composed of a _____, a _____, and a _____.

A

the electrical activity of the heart; P-wave; QRS complex; T-wave

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22
Q

P-wave

A

depolarization of the atrium

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23
Q

QRS complex

A

depolarization of the ventrical and repolarization of atrium

24
Q

T-wave

A

repolirization of the ventrical

25
Capillaries is to facilitate exchange of _____, _____, _____, _____, and other substances between the blood and the interstitial fluid in the various tissues of the body.
oxygen; fluid; nutrients; electrolytes; hormones
26
Hemoglobin is the iron-protein molecule carried by the _____. It helps to _____ and is an _____, a regulator of _____ in concentration.
red blood cell; transport oxygen; acid-base buffer; hydrogen ion
27
Red blood cells catalyzes the reaction between _____ and _____. It facilitates _____.
water; carbon dixoide; carbon dioxide removal
28
Trachea is the _____ respiratory passage.
first-generation
29
Right and left bronchi are the _____ respiratory passages.
second-generation
30
``` Muscle Fiber Arrangement: deltoid: _____ biceps brachii: _____ rectus abdominis: _____ gluteus medius: _____ rectus femoris: _____ tibialis posterior: _____ ```
``` deltoid: multipennate biceps brachii: fusiform rectus abdominis: longitudinal gluteus medius: radiate rectus femoris: bipennate tibialis posterior: unipennate ```
31
During expiration, the diaphragm _____. The _____ of the lungs, _____, and _____ compresses the lungs, and air is expelled.
relaxes; elastic recoil; chest wall; abdominal structures
32
Muscles of expiration include the _____ and the _____.
abdominal muscles (rectus abdominis, external and internal obliques, transverse abdonimis); internal intercostals
33
During inspiration, the _____ of the diaphragm creates a _____ in the chest cavity, and air is drawn int othe lungs.
contraction; negative pressure
34
Muscle of inspiration _____ the rib cage. They include the _____, the _____, the _____ and the _____.
elevate; external intercostals; sternocleidomastoids; anterior serrati; scaleni
35
During normal respiration at rest, only _____ of the total energy expanded by the body is required for pulmonary ventilation.
3 -5%
36
During very heavy exercise, _____ of the total energy expanded by the body is required for pulmonary ventilation.
8 - 15%
37
Pleural pressure is the pressure in the narrow space between the _____ and the _____.
lung pleura; chest wall pleura
38
Alveolar pressure is the pressure inside the _____ when the _____ and no air is flowing into or out of the lungs (equal to _____ pressure).
alveoli; glottis is open; atmospheric
39
Diffusion is the simple random motion of molecules moving in opposite directions through the _____.
alveolar capillary membrane
40
At rest, the partial pressure of oxygen in the alveoli is about _____ greater than that in the _____. This leads to the oxygen diffusing from the _____ into the _____. Also carbon dioxide diffuses in the _____ direction, from the _____ to the _____.
60mmHg; pulmonary capillaries; alveoli; pulmonary capillary blood; opposite; blood; alveoli
41
The system that carry blood away from the heart
arterial system
42
The system that returns blood toward the heart
venous system
43
proximal: closer to the _____ distal: farther from the _____ superior: closer to the _____ inferior: closer to the _____
trunk trunk head feet
44
Proprioceptors are specialized sensory receptors located within _____, _____, _____. The brain is provided with information concerning ______, or conscious appreciation of the _____ with respect to gravity.
muscles; tendons; joints kinesthetic sense; position of body parts
45
Muscle spindles are proprioceptors that consist of several modified muscle fibers enclosed in a sheath of connective tissue. These modified fibers, called _____, run parallel to the normal or _____, fibers. Muscle spindles provide information concerning _____ and _____.
intrafusal fibers; extrafusal muscle length; the rate of change in length
46
GTOs are proprioceptors located in tendons near the ____ junction and are in series, that is attached to end to end, with _____ muscle fibers.
myotendinous; extrafusal
47
The force output of a muscle can be varied through change in the _____ of activation of individual motor units or change in the _____ of activated motor units.
frequency; number
48
The AV valves prevent the flow of blood from the _____ back into the _____ during ventricular _____ (_____). The semilunar valves prevent backflow from the _____ into the _____ during ventricular _____ (_____).
ventricles; atria; contraction; systole aorta and pulmonary; ventricles; relaxation (diastole)
49
SA node: the intrinsic _____, where rhythmic electrical impulses are normally ______;
pace-maker; initiated
50
internodal pathways: conduct the impulse from the _____ to the _____
SA node; atrioventricular (AV) node
51
AV node: the impulse is _____ slightly before passing into the _____
delayed; ventricles
52
AV bundle: conducts the impulse to the _____
ventricles
53
left&right bundle branch, which further divide into Purkinje fibers: conduct impulses to _____
all parts of the ventricles
54
Hemoglobin is the _____. Myoglobin is a protein found mainly in _____ where it serves as an _____ for oxygen.
iron-protein molecule carried by the red blood cells to transport oxygen muscle tissues; intracellular storage site
55
Muscle fiber color Type I: _____ Type IIa: _____ Type IIx: _____
Type I: red Type IIa: white/red Type IIx: white

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