CHP 3 - ALTERNATIVES Flashcards
(17 cards)
do not create levels of an independent variable nor randomly assign subjects to these levels
Nonexperimental approaches
They are used where experiments are not ethical or possible, or where we want to test hypotheses in realistic conditions.
Nonexperimental Approaches
the degree to which a researcher can establish a causal relationship between the independent and dependent variables
Internal Validity
the degree to which research findings can be generalized to other settings and individuals.
External Validity
Researchers randomly assign students to either the new technique or a traditional method and then measure performance outcomes. This design maximizes control over both unit assignment and antecedent conditions.
High Imposition, High Manipulation
Researchers choose existing classes that already use different teaching techniques and measure performance. While they control the teaching method, they have less control over which students are in each class.
Low Imposition, High Manipulation
Researchers randomly select students from various schools but do not alter their existing educational practices. They then measure performance to understand natural variations across schools.
High Imposition, Low Manipulation
Researchers observe and measure performance across different schools and teaching methods without altering any conditions or controlling for which students are observed.
Low Imposition, Low Manipulation
The description of an individual’s immediate experience; instead of looking at behaviors external to us, being with personal experience as a source of data (no constraints)
Phenomenology
process of observing may alter from person to person making replication hard
Phenomenology
describes behavior but does not explain
Phenomenology
descriptive record of a single individual’s experiences or behaviors or both kept by an outside observer, often used in clinical psychology
Case Study
they are a source of inferences, hypotheses, and theories; ex: by watching kids, researchers made descriptions of normal development
Case Study
they are a source for developing therapy techniques
Case study
they allow the study of rare phenomena
Case study
They provide exceptions, or counter instances, to accepted ideas, theories, or practices
Case study
they have persuasive and motivational value
Case study
