Chpt. 26, The Ottoman, Islamic, and Qing Empires Flashcards
(32 cards)
ayan
the wealthy landed elite that emerged in the last decades of Abbasid rule
Selim 3
a sultan who ruled the Ottoman Empire from 1789 to 1807, he aimed at improving administrative efficiency and building a new army and navy; he was toppled by the Janissaries in 1807
Mahmud 2
an Ottoman sultan who built a private, professional army, fomented a revolution of the Janissaries and crushed them with a private army, and destroyed the power of the Janissaries and their religious allies; he initiated a reform of the Ottoman Empire based on Western precedents
Tanzimat reforms
a series of reforms in the Ottoman Empire between 1839 and 1876 that established a Western style university, state postal system, railways, and extensive legal reforms, and which resulted in the creation of a new constitution in 1876
Abdul Hamid
an Ottoman sultan who attempted to return to despotic absolutism during his reign from 1878 to 1908; he nullified the constitution and restricted civil liberties until he was deposed in a coup in 1908
Ottoman Society for Union and Progress; aka “Young Turks”
an organization of political agitators in opposition to the rule of Abdul Hamid; they worked to restore the 1876 constitution
Murad
the head of a coalition of Mamluk rulers in Egypt, he opposed the Napoleonic invasion of Egypt and suffered a devastating defeat; his failure destroyed the Mamluk government in Egypt revealed the vulnerability of the Muslim core
Muhammad Ali
after winning the power struggle in Egypt following the fall of the Mamluks, he established mastery of all of Egypt in 1811, and introduced an effective army based on Western tactics and supply, and a variety of other reforms; by the 1830s he was able to challenge the Ottoman government in Constantinople, and he died in 1848
khedives
the descendants of Muhammad Ali in Egypt in 1867; they were the formal rulers of Egypt despite French and English intervention until they were overthrown by a military coup in 1952
Suez Canal
built across the Isthmus of Suez to connect the Mediterranean Sea with the Red Sea in 1869, it was financed by European investors; with increasing indebtedness of the khedives, it permitted an intervention of the British into Egyptian politics to protect their interests there
al-Afghani
a Muslim thinker at the end of the 19th century who stressed the need for the adoption of Western scientific learning and technology; he recognized the importance of tradition and rational inquiry
Muhammad Abduh
a disciple of al-Afghani, he was a Muslim thinker at the end of the 19th century who stressed the need for the adoption of Western scientific learning and technology; he recognized the importance of tradition and rational inquiry
Ahmad Arabi
an Egyptian military officer who led a revolt against Turkic dominance in the army in 1882 that forced the Khedival regime to call in British forces for support
Khartoum
a river town that was the administrative center of Egyptian authority in the Sudan
Muhammad Ahmad
the head of a Sudanic Sufi brotherhood that claimed descent from the prophet Muhammad, he proclaimed that both the Egyptians and the British were infidels, and launched a revolt to purge Islam of its impurities; he took Khartoum in 1883; he was also known as the Mahdi
Mahdi
in Sufi belief systems, a promised deliverer; it was also the name given to Muhammad Ahmad, the leader of a late 19th century revolt against the Egyptians and the British in the Sudan
Khalifa Abdallahi
the successor of Muhammad Ahmad as leader of Mahdists in the Sudan; he established a state in the Sudan, but was defeated by British General Kitchener in 1598
Nurhaci
the architect of Manchu unity, he created distinctive Manchu banner armies and controlled most of Manchuria; he also adopted a Chinese bureaucracy and most ceremonies in Manchuria, and he entered China and successfully captured the Ming capital at Beijing
banner armies
the eight armies of the Manchu tribes, as identified by separate flags; they were created by Nurhaci in the early 17th century, and were used to defeat the Ming emperor and establish the Qing dynasty
Qing
a Manchu dynasty that seized control of China in the mid-17th century after the decline of the Ming and forced the submission of nomadic peoples far to the west, also compelling tribute from Vietnam and Burma to the south
Kangxi
a Confucian scholar and Manchu emperor of the Qing dynasty from 1661 to 1722, he established a high degree of Sinification among the Manchus
compradors
a wealthy new group of Chinese merchants under the Qing dynasty who specialized in the import-export trade on China’s south coast; they were one of the major links between China and the outside world
Opium War
fought between the British and Qing China beginning in 1839, it was fought by the British to protect their trade in opium with the Chinese, and resulted in a resounding British victory, and the opening of Hong Kong as a British port of trade
Lin Zexu
a distinguished Chinese official charged with stamping out the opium trade in southern China, he ordered the blockade of European trading areas in Canton, as well as the confiscation of opium; he was sent into exile following the Opium War
