Chpt. 26, The Ottoman, Islamic, and Qing Empires

Question 1

ayan

Answer 1

the wealthy landed elite that emerged in the last decades of Abbasid rule

Question 2

Selim 3

Answer 2

a sultan who ruled the Ottoman Empire from 1789 to 1807, he aimed at improving administrative efficiency and building a new army and navy; he was toppled by the Janissaries in 1807

Question 3

Mahmud 2

Answer 3

an Ottoman sultan who built a private, professional army, fomented a revolution of the Janissaries and crushed them with a private army, and destroyed the power of the Janissaries and their religious allies; he initiated a reform of the Ottoman Empire based on Western precedents

Question 4

Tanzimat reforms

Answer 4

a series of reforms in the Ottoman Empire between 1839 and 1876 that established a Western style university, state postal system, railways, and extensive legal reforms, and which resulted in the creation of a new constitution in 1876

Question 5

Abdul Hamid

Answer 5

an Ottoman sultan who attempted to return to despotic absolutism during his reign from 1878 to 1908; he nullified the constitution and restricted civil liberties until he was deposed in a coup in 1908

Question 6

Ottoman Society for Union and Progress; aka “Young Turks”

Answer 6

an organization of political agitators in opposition to the rule of Abdul Hamid; they worked to restore the 1876 constitution

Question 7

Murad

Answer 7

the head of a coalition of Mamluk rulers in Egypt, he opposed the Napoleonic invasion of Egypt and suffered a devastating defeat; his failure destroyed the Mamluk government in Egypt revealed the vulnerability of the Muslim core

Question 8

Muhammad Ali

Answer 8

after winning the power struggle in Egypt following the fall of the Mamluks, he established mastery of all of Egypt in 1811, and introduced an effective army based on Western tactics and supply, and a variety of other reforms; by the 1830s he was able to challenge the Ottoman government in Constantinople, and he died in 1848

Question 9

khedives

Answer 9

the descendants of Muhammad Ali in Egypt in 1867; they were the formal rulers of Egypt despite French and English intervention until they were overthrown by a military coup in 1952

Question 10

Suez Canal

Answer 10

built across the Isthmus of Suez to connect the Mediterranean Sea with the Red Sea in 1869, it was financed by European investors; with increasing indebtedness of the khedives, it permitted an intervention of the British into Egyptian politics to protect their interests there

Question 11

al-Afghani

Answer 11

a Muslim thinker at the end of the 19th century who stressed the need for the adoption of Western scientific learning and technology; he recognized the importance of tradition and rational inquiry

Question 12

Muhammad Abduh

Answer 12

a disciple of al-Afghani, he was a Muslim thinker at the end of the 19th century who stressed the need for the adoption of Western scientific learning and technology; he recognized the importance of tradition and rational inquiry

Question 13

Ahmad Arabi

Answer 13

an Egyptian military officer who led a revolt against Turkic dominance in the army in 1882 that forced the Khedival regime to call in British forces for support

Question 14

Khartoum

Answer 14

a river town that was the administrative center of Egyptian authority in the Sudan

Question 15

Muhammad Ahmad

Answer 15

the head of a Sudanic Sufi brotherhood that claimed descent from the prophet Muhammad, he proclaimed that both the Egyptians and the British were infidels, and launched a revolt to purge Islam of its impurities; he took Khartoum in 1883; he was also known as the Mahdi

Question 16

Mahdi

Answer 16

in Sufi belief systems, a promised deliverer; it was also the name given to Muhammad Ahmad, the leader of a late 19th century revolt against the Egyptians and the British in the Sudan

Question 17

Khalifa Abdallahi

Answer 17

the successor of Muhammad Ahmad as leader of Mahdists in the Sudan; he established a state in the Sudan, but was defeated by British General Kitchener in 1598

Question 18

Nurhaci

Answer 18

the architect of Manchu unity, he created distinctive Manchu banner armies and controlled most of Manchuria; he also adopted a Chinese bureaucracy and most ceremonies in Manchuria, and he entered China and successfully captured the Ming capital at Beijing

Question 19

banner armies

Answer 19

the eight armies of the Manchu tribes, as identified by separate flags; they were created by Nurhaci in the early 17th century, and were used to defeat the Ming emperor and establish the Qing dynasty

Question 20

Qing

Answer 20

a Manchu dynasty that seized control of China in the mid-17th century after the decline of the Ming and forced the submission of nomadic peoples far to the west, also compelling tribute from Vietnam and Burma to the south

Question 21

Kangxi

Answer 21

a Confucian scholar and Manchu emperor of the Qing dynasty from 1661 to 1722, he established a high degree of Sinification among the Manchus

Question 22

compradors

Answer 22

a wealthy new group of Chinese merchants under the Qing dynasty who specialized in the import-export trade on China’s south coast; they were one of the major links between China and the outside world

Question 23

Opium War

Answer 23

fought between the British and Qing China beginning in 1839, it was fought by the British to protect their trade in opium with the Chinese, and resulted in a resounding British victory, and the opening of Hong Kong as a British port of trade

Question 24

Lin Zexu

Answer 24

a distinguished Chinese official charged with stamping out the opium trade in southern China, he ordered the blockade of European trading areas in Canton, as well as the confiscation of opium; he was sent into exile following the Opium War

Question 25

Taiping Rebellion

Answer 25

a rebellion that broke out in south China in the 1850s and early 1860s, it was led by Hong Xiuquan, a semi-Christianized prophet who sought to overthrow the Qing dynasty and the Confucian basis of the scholar-gentry

Question 26

Hong Xiuquan

Answer 26

the leader of the Taiping rebellion, he converted to a specifically Chinese form of Christianity, and attacked the traditional Confucian teachings of the Chinese elite

Question 27

Zeng Guofan

Answer 27

a Qing official who raised effective military forces against the Taiping assault on northern China

Question 28

self-strengthening movement

Answer 28

a late 19th century movement in China to counter the challenge from the West, it was led by provincial leaders

Question 29

Cixi

Answer 29

an ultraconservative dowager empress who dominated the last decades of the Qing dynasty; she was supported by the Boxer Rebellion in 1898 as a means of driving out Westerners

Question 30

Boxer Rebellion

Answer 30

a popular outburst in 1898 that aimed at expelling foreigners from China, but failed because of the intervention of armies of Western powers in China; the defeat of the Chinese here enhanced the control of Europeans and the power of provincial officials

Question 31

Sun Yat-sen

Answer 31

the head of the Revolutionary alliance, an organization that led to the 1911 revolt against the Qing dynasty in China; he was briefly elected president in 1911, but yielded in favor of Yuan Shikai in 1912; he created the Nationalist party of China (Guomindang) in 1919, and died in 1925

Question 32

Puyi

Answer 32

the last emperor of China, he was deposed as emperor while still a small boy in 1912