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1
Q

The “Pentecost” story: what happens that changes the meaning of Shavuot/Pentecost for Christians? (Acts 2)

A

Pentecost Sunday marks the day most Christians believe the Holy Spirit descended on the followers of Jesus after his death, resurrection and ascension.

Shavuot is called the “Festival of Weeks” because it is held five weeks after the second night of Passover.

2
Q

Why do the events on Pentecost mark the beginning of the church? (Acts 2)

A

Before the events of the first Pentecost, which came a few weeks after Jesus’ death and resurrection, there were followers of Jesus, but no movement that could be meaningfully called “the church.” Thus, from an historical point of view, Pentecost is the day on which the church was started. This is also true from a spiritual perspective, since the Spirit brings the church into existence and enlivens it.

3
Q

What’s the debate about in Acts 15?

A

helps us see the first part of rightly handling difficult decisions between believers - one has to detect the problem. This issue of the need for circumcision is a signficant one that would have longstanding implications.

4
Q

meaning of the word “gospel,”

A

a written record of Christ’s words and deeds. (The word of God)

5
Q

name the 4 gospels in the New Testament

A

Matthew, Mark, Luke and John

6
Q

Four divisions of the New Testament:

A

gospels, Acts of the Apostles, epistles, Revelation

7
Q

What do Christians call the Jewish scriptures?

A

.Hebrew Bible

8
Q

Why most Jews don’t believe Jesus in the Messiah (class handout)

A
  • Jesus wasn’t a political messiah
  • Jesus didn’t fit expectations of an apocalyptic messiah who’d create a world of perfect peace and righteousness
  • Christians began to believe that GOD was incarnate in jesus (which was not part of a Jewish idea of messiah)
9
Q

Marcion (2nd century): why did he want to reject the entire Old Testament?

A

the God of the Old Testament was an evil creator god that Jesus came to destroy.

10
Q

In deciding what to include in the Bible, why did most Christians disagree with Marcion?

A

Maricon believe that the Jewish God is evil and that christians shouldn’t use the old testament

11
Q

In what century did the Roman Empire begin to officially adopt Christianity?

A

4th

12
Q

Who was the first emperor to convert to Christianity?

A

Constantine

13
Q

Who was the first emperor to make Christianity the only legal religion in the Roman Empire?

A

Theodosius I

14
Q

What is monasticism? Why do Christians—but not Jews and Muslims—have this practice?

A

a 4th century movement of christians who were dissatisfied with culture christianity. live a radically simplified, ascetic lifestyle. christian expression of the way of mystical quest

15
Q

catholic (small c) means what?

A

it means: a wide variety of things; all embracing.

16
Q

Difference between the Arian and the Nicene view of Christ/the Son’s relationship to God

A

Arians: believe the Father is GREATER than the Son

Nicene Creed:The son is equally to the Father

17
Q

Nicene Creed 325

A

affirms the Son is fully divine; affirms a Trinitarian view of God

18
Q

Council of Chalcedon 451: how do Jesus’ divine and human natures relate?

A

co-existed substantively and in reality in the single person of Jesus Christ. The aim was to defend the doctrine that Jesus was simultaneously truly God and truly man.

19
Q

First church splits

A

Nestorians and Monophysites (both rejected the Council of Chalcedon; see class notes on the names of the ancient “non-Chalcedonian” churches that still exist today)

20
Q

Augustine vs. Pelagius’ views of sin and free will (an early 5th century debate that persists)

A

???

21
Q

Augustine coined what phrase?

A

“original sin”

22
Q

What triggered the split between Roman Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy in 1054?

A

That the Catholics added “and to the son” to the creed – The Eastern Orthodox didn’t agree

23
Q

What were the aims of the Crusades? Were they successful?

A

The stated goal of the Crusades was to recapture the Holy Land from Muslim forces, but there were also many unstated goals which European lords and clergy strove to achieve. Originally, the pope had called for a crusade to capture important Christian holy sites, such as Jerusalem, from the forces of Muslim rulers.

No, they didn’t get the region back.

24
Q

Catholic mystic Teresa of Avila (16th century)

A

spiritual marriage with Christ (a mystical theme)

25
Q

Martin Luther (16th century German):

A

father of the Protestant Reformation

26
Q

Indulgences: what are they? Why did Luther criticize them?

A

to lessen penance now or purgatory

(to

27
Q

Common Protestant emphases (see Ludwig and see list in “handout” posted online after class)

A

???

28
Q

justification by faith

A

doctrine held by most protestants and based on teachings of the apostle paul, that salvation comes solely by god’s grace recieved in faith and not from things that one does or earns

29
Q

How did Luther’s view of scriptural authority and justification by faith reform the following?

A

???

30
Q

The number of sacraments

A

There are seven sacraments in the Church: Baptism, Confirmation or Chrismation, Eucharist, Penance, Anointing of the Sick, Holy Orders, and Matrimony.”

31
Q

Monasticism

A

a 4th century movement of christians who were dissatisfied with culture christianity. live a radically simplified, ascetic lifestyle. christian expression of the way of mystical quest

32
Q

John Calvin (16th century): a Protestant known for his doctrine of double predestination

A

One of the principal leaders of the Protestant Reformation, founder of the Reformed Church, particularly noted for the systematic and rational way he explained basic Christian beliefs and for stressing the sovereignty of God’s providence over all things.

33
Q

Anabaptists

A

makes up the radical wing of the protestant reformation. rejected baptism, only those making self-conscious choice to be christian are truly christian. They insisted that Christians were called to live a lifestyle distinct from that of the common culture and that the Constantinian heritage of a state church was an abomination.

34
Q

What traditional Catholic practices were reaffirmed at the Council of Trent (16th century)?

A

????

35
Q

What is a denomination?

A

defined as “a recognized autonomous branch of the Christian church.” One denomination will include many local churches that are usually spread over a broad geographical region.

36
Q

Denominations in the Calvinist tradition:

A

Presbyterian, Dutch Reformed, Anglican (Church of England; Episcopalian in the US)

37
Q

What characterizes Methodists? AME (African Methodist Episcopal) and AME Zion?

A

low church
emotional experience with God
Holy Living

38
Q

Denominations influenced by the Radical Reformation:

A

Amish, Mennonite, Quaker, Baptist

39
Q

state churches (Europe) vs. separation of church and state (North America)

A

????

40
Q

Mormonism

A

The Mormon religion (Mormonism), whose followers are known as Mormons and Latter-day Saints (LDS), was founded less than two hundred years ago by a man named Joseph Smith. He claimed to have received a personal visit from God the Father and Jesus Christ who told him that all churches and their creeds were an abomination.

41
Q

Unitarian Universalism

A

Church does not have a creed. Instead, UUs are unified by their shared search for spiritual growth. As such, UU congregations include many agnostics, theists, and atheists among their membership.

42
Q

fundamentalism vs. evangelicalism vs. Pentecostalism

A

.

43
Q

non-denominational churches are______?

A

Protestant

44
Q

What is the ecumenical movement?

A

Promoting or relating to unity among the world’s Christian churches

45
Q

Does the Christian covenant with Christ replace the Jewish covenant through Torah? That is, does Christianity supersede and replace Judaism? Two Christian views (handout in class)


A

.

46
Q

INCARNATION (What does it mean?)

A

doctrine that jesus was at once both a human being and god. there is nothing about human life that God has not become acquainted with.

47
Q

TRINITY

A

one divine NATURE/BEING in three PERSONS (1=3)

48
Q

What are the standard names for the three persons of the Trinity?

A

God is three-in-one: God the Father, God the Son, and God the Holy Spirit

49
Q

Which of these three persons was incarnate in Jesus?

A

The Son

50
Q

What is the name of the creed that talks about the divinity of each person of the Trinity?

A

The Nicene Creed

51
Q

Does this creed state that the Son of God is equal to, or less than, God as Father?

A

Equal

52
Q

How is a Christian view of sin different from a Jewish one?

A

Christians believe in individual salvation from sin through repentance and receiving Jesus Christ as their God and Savior through Faith in Christianity. Jews believe in individual and collective participation in an eternal dialogue with God through tradition, rituals, prayers and ethical actions.

53
Q

original sin

A

apart from the grace of god in Jesus, no one is able to get right with God but will inevitably lead a sinful life. result of adam and eve

54
Q

How does a Christian view of God’s law differ from a Jewish (and Muslim) view?

A

.

55
Q

salvation by faith in the grace of Jesus Christ

A

.

56
Q

judgment day

A

Immediately upon death each soul undergoes the particular judgment, and depending upon the state of the person’s soul, goes to Heaven, Purgatory, or Hell.

57
Q

atonement

A

Christ’s death a sacrifice for sin that brings forgiveness and healing

58
Q

diverse ideas about atonement through Christ

A

???

59
Q

Lord’s Prayer

A

The Our Father

60
Q

What are the two greatest commandments for a Christian?

A

1) Love the father above all with all your heart

2) Love your neighbor as yourself

61
Q

What does “liturgy” mean?

A

means the participation of the People of God in “the work of God.” 5 Through the liturgy Christ, our redeemer and high priest, continues the work of our redemption in, with, and through his Church.

62
Q

What’s the difference between a liturgical (“high church”) and a non-liturgical (“low church) form of worship?

A

High Church: Fancy, Probes and Ancient liturgy

Low Church: informal, simple & personal testimonials

63
Q

On what day of the week do Christians worship, and why?

A

On Sunday (Jesus rose on a Sunday)

64
Q

How do Christian services build on—and change—Jewish worship services?

A

???

65
Q

What is a sacrament?

A

religious symbol that conveys divine grace, sanctity ex. Baptism

66
Q

How many sacraments to Roman Catholics have? What are they?

A

Seven. Baptism, Confirmation, Eucharist, Reconciliation, Anointing of the Sick, Holy Orders, and Matrimony.”

67
Q

What two sacraments do most Christians practice?

A

Baptism and the last supper (communion)

68
Q

Baptism: what is done in baptism? What does baptism mean?

A

.the rite of initiation into the new covenant by way of a ritual bath or washing. Non-sacramental traditions view it as an outward symbol of a person’s inward faith in and self-conscious commitment to Jesus Christ

69
Q

Infant vs. adult (or “believer’s”) baptism: what’s the argument behind each practice?

A

Infant:

  • Baptism is important because it removes the stain of original sin (and because the Bible commands it).
  • Infants should be baptized as soon as possible, as their salvation depends on it.
  • You are never too old or too young to be baptized.

Adult:

  • People should be baptized of their own free will.
  • They must be old enough to understand what baptism is and what it means.
  • They must make a confession of faith.
70
Q

Eucharist (Lord’s Supper, Communion): what event in Jesus’ life does it remember, and how?

A

The last supper

By eating bread and wine to symbolize the body and blood.

71
Q

What does “transubstantiation” mean? What are two ancient churches that hold this view of the Eucharist?

A

Where the bread and wine is LITERALLY viewed as the body and blood of Jesus Christ

Roman Catholics and Orthodox

72
Q

What are two common Protestant interpretations of the elements of Eucharistic bread and wine?

A

Symbolic

Christ spiritual presence

73
Q

What is the name of the six week season before Easter, and what is its purpose?

A

Lent (40 days)

is to keep alive in our consciousness and our life the fact that being a Christian can only take the form of becoming a Christian ever anew;

74
Q

Holy Week?

A

Palm Sunday, Maundy Thursday, Good Friday, Easter

8 days for sacramentally participating along with Jesus in the great events of the Gospel, culminating in Jesus’ Crucifixion on Good Friday, his death and burial, and his Resurrection on Easter Sunday

75
Q

Advent

A

Jesus is coming, and Advent is intended to be a season of preparation for His arrival. While we typically regard Advent as a joyous season, it is also intended to be a period of preparation, much like Lent. Prayer, penance and fasting are appropriate during this season.

76
Q

Confirmation (what is it, and why is it often practiced by churches who use infant baptism?)

A

faith given in Baptism is now confirmed and made strong.

Confirmation means accepting responsibility for your faith and destiny.

77
Q

Why do Christians have fewer prohibitions on sacred images than Jews do?

A

Because he was made human

while jews believes it breaks one of the 10 commandments

78
Q

Icons (what are they, and why are some Christians in favor of them and some opposed to them?)

A

Icons are two dimensional pictures, made of paint and wood, used throughout Eastern Orthodox worship and for meditation.

79
Q

What’s the difference between a congregation and a denomination?

A

Differences

Congregation: A particular church (one church)
A group of people in a church

Denomination: Branches (Catholics,Orthodox,)

80
Q

Bishop

A

a person appointed to oversee a group of priests or ministers and their congregations.

81
Q

what is pacifism?

A

is the theological and ethical position that any form of violence is incompatible with the Christian faith.

82
Q

Christians were largely pacifist until what century? Why did pacifism become a minority view?

A

The first 300 years - 4th century

83
Q

Who is Joseph Smith?

A

Joseph Smith, 19th century founder of Mormonism in the United States

84
Q

Where was Joseph Smith Murdered?

A

Joseph Smith was murdered in Carthage, IL (30 miles from Macomb!) in 1844

85
Q

Know some distinctive beliefs of the contemporary LDS (Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints)—drawing on the Dallin Oaks article

A

Their “apostle creed” is called ‘Our articles Of Faith” and it begins by saying “We believe in God, the Eternal Father, and in His Son, Jesus Christ, and in the Holy Ghost.”
Instead of the Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit being three in one (like in many Christians’ belief), they believe them to be three separate distinct beings.

86
Q

NOTE:

A

the LDS differs from a smaller, more liberal branch of Mormonism: the Community of Christ, formerly called the RLDS (Reorganized Latter Day Saints) – a branch that was founded by Joseph’s Smith former wife and son, that never permitted polygamy, and that now ordains women and those in same-sex relationships.

87
Q

Polygamy

A

the practice or custom of having more than one wife or husband at the same time

is no longer a Mormon practice, except in a few controversial minority sects

88
Q

What are some features of Pentecostal Christianity, as reflected in the video of one Pentecostal church in Brazil?

A
  • small
  • speaker can be male or female (married or not)
  • lots of singing & dancing
  • They touch on real life problems
89
Q

Catholicism is the largest church in Brazil. Why do some Catholics convert to Pentecostalism?

A

Because some don’t like how oriented and “boring” Catholic service is.
-Too many people
In Pentecostalism, they claim to feel the the spirit within them, they like singing and dancing ascpect of it, and they like how small it is.

90
Q

Story of Dorothy Day and practices/values of the Catholic Workers movement

A

She is the living parable in Matthew 5

She helps the ones in need(poor people) and shelters them (even stays with them as well)

91
Q

Themes in the three parables from Matthew and Luke

A

Matthew: Parable of the sheep and the goats (Good samaritan)
The lost coin:
The lost son

92
Q

Jewish groups in Jesus’ day:

A

Zealots, Pharisees, Sadducees, and the poor “people of the Land”

93
Q

Jesus’ own religion was ____ ?

A

Jesus was a jew - Jewish

94
Q

Christ is Greek for Messiah (the anointed one) - how do Christians change the notion of ‘messiah’?

A

???

95
Q

What is the Kingdom of God all about—as Jesus teaches and lives it out in the gospels?

A

Jesus taught that it could be in our midst on earth, and come to us now through His ministry - for example - the ministry of casting out demons by the Spirit of God

96
Q

What’s a parable?

A

used in giving one or more instructional lessons or principles and can be an allegory and may include inanimate objects (like trees, plants, or things) or people in various societal positions.

97
Q

What were some reasons Jesus was in conflict with the Pharisees? With the Sadducees?

A

The conflict between Jesus and the religious leaders is one of the key themes of Mark’s gospel—of all the gospels. It is present from beginning to end. This conflict is a conflict of authority. It is a conflict of self-awareness—of God-awareness. It is a conflict of priorities and values. It is a conflict of thinking and life goals and even of worldview. (example when Jesus found out people were selling things in the temple of God and Jesus got mad and threw things )

98
Q

Why was Jesus also seen as a political threat to the Roman government?

A

Rome did not anyone to have potential of a uprising (in this Jesus where he heal people and did good deeds )

99
Q

Apostle vs. disciple of Jesus

A

While a disciple is a student, one who learns from a teacher, an apostle is sent to deliver those teachings to others. “Apostle” means messenger, he who is sent. An apostle is sent to deliver or spread those teachings to others. The word “apostle” has two meanings, the larger meaning of a messenger and the narrow meaning to denote the twelve people directly linked to Jesus Christ.

100
Q

story of Paul’s conversion

A

originally Saul; from Tarsus; Greek Jew and Pharisee; rhetoric/public speaking education; on his way to Damascus to persecute Christians, hit by bright light, blind, sees Jesus, goes to Antioch, converts to Christianity;

101
Q

Why does the first conflict in the early church center around circumcision and eating kosher food?

A

????

102
Q

2nd century AD/CE conflict about Gnosticism, how this conflict shaped the content of the New Testament, and why most Christians rejected a Gnostic or Docetic view of Jesus

A

????

103
Q

Apostles’ Creed:

A

early statement of Christian belief (anti-Gnostic)

104
Q

eschatology

A

the study of what the Bible says is going to happen in the end times.

The part of theology concerned with death, judgment, and the final destiny of the soul and of humankind

105
Q

What is just war doctrine?

A

illustrates when war is needed to end violence.

106
Q

justification

A

Made right with God

107
Q

Sanctification

A

Once you’re united with Jesus Christ, your work is holy

108
Q

What are the images in John not in Mark?

A

Mark views Jesus as more human. In John, the word of God made in flesh. In John, jesus is divine. Also in John, jesus proclaims himself as one with the father. Mark is more about the kingdom of God where as John, God within himself.

109
Q

What happen in the 4th century ?

A

Christians were persecuted because they didn’t join the military .

110
Q

What did Jesus say before he ascended ?

A

This is the time to restore the kingdom in Isarel

111
Q

What is Good Friday and Easter?

A

Good Friday: Commemorating the crucifixion of Jesus Christ and his death at Calvary
Easter: Resurrection

112
Q

Christmas

A

birth of jesus and incarnation of god

113
Q

Epiphany

A

a day dedicated to the birth of Christ, which includes a nod toward the three Kings who came to visit Him.

an appearance or manifestation, especially of a deity

114
Q

Radical Reformers

A

They insisted that only persons making a self-conscious choice for themselves to depart from “the kingdoms of this world” and embrace “the kingdom of our Lord Jesus Christ” were truly Christians. Christians were called to live a lifestyle distinct from that of the common culture and that a Christian should have nothing to do with the coercive power of the state.

115
Q

justification by works

A

the belief that a person becomes just before God by the performance of good works: the doctrine against which Luther protested in inaugurating the Protestant Reformation

116
Q

priest

A

One authorized to perform the sacred rites of a religion.

Anglican, Eastern Orthodox

117
Q

priest

A

one authorized to perform the sacred rites of a religion especially as a mediatory agent between humans and God; specifically :an Anglican, Eastern Orthodox, or Roman Catholic clergyman ranking below a bishop and above a deacon.

118
Q

pastor,

A

The parish priest is the proper clergyman in charge of the congregation of the parish entrusted to him.

119
Q

lay person or laity

A

If you are a member of a religious group, but you are not an ordained minister or priest, then you are a member of the laity.

120
Q

The Second coming

A

the promised return of jesus Christ to bring completion the intended redemption of God for his fallen creation. Not sure when it will happen or how it will happen

121
Q

What do mystics seek

A

Union with God

122
Q

ascension

A

Christ’s going up to heaven forty days after his resurrection from the dead.

123
Q

Zealots,

A

a member of a fanatical sect arising in Judea during the first century a.d. and militantly opposing the Roman domination of Palestine

124
Q

Pharisees,

A

believed that if they could keep the law perfectly that YHWH would return to His people and get rid of the hated Romans for them.

125
Q

Sadducees

A

had most of the real political and economic power. This party was formed from members of rich families. They were not terribly interested in the kingdom of God or in the coming of the Messiah. They were pragmatists. Their main concern was keeping their social status and the respect of the Romans.

126
Q

purgatory

A

is a place or condition of temporal punishment for those who denied yet were not free from “venial” sins (a lesser sin that does not result in a complete separation from God and eternal damnation in hell).

127
Q

Gnosticism

A

The theory of salvation by knowledge. Already in the first century of the Christian era there were Gnostics who claimed to know the mysteries of the universe

128
Q

John Calvin

A

developed own ideas about Christianity, got a following, kicked out by the government, gets so popular that his followers overrun the government and Calvin becomes the holy mayor; enforces puritanism (no bright colors, no dancing, no dice throwing, nothing that cause lusting); Calvin and Luther’s ideas of the Eucharist differed; 5 points of Calvinism are TULIP; believed you can pray to saints; plain/poor church

129
Q

Martin Luther

A

monk/professor; didn’t like parts of the church, had 95 theses including indulgences (paying off purgatory or sins), simony (story in Acts, paying money to get to heal people, buying your way into power); got excommunicated from the church, was taken into hiding by local princes; many powerful people agreed with Luther; inspired by Paul, believed in salvation through faith alone; 3 solas (sola fides, sola gratia, sola scriptura); translated Bible from Latin into German and used printing press; was tried at the “Diet of Worms”

130
Q

People of Land

A

The vast majority of Jews : Poor farmers or landless jews who didn’t belong to any particular party.

131
Q

Holy Thursday

A

The last supper of Jesus Christ . Established the sacrament of holy communion prior to his arrest

132
Q

What happens in confession?

A

Confess your sins
Priest will bless you and your sins will be forgiven
The priest will assign you to a penance
Lastly , Act of contrition

133
Q

Double predestination

A

God has actively chosen some people for hell as well for salvation

134
Q

What does TUPLIP STAND FOR?

A

Basic classical Calvinism

Total depravity
Unconditional election
Limited atonement 
Irresistible grace
Preserve fence of the saints
135
Q

Evangelicalism vs fundamentalism vs Pentecostalism

A

E - a moment that encourages an emotional personal relationship with Jesus Christ

F - movement that insists a true Christian must affirm several fundamental beliefs, including Biblical Inerrancy

P - branches off evangelical movement emphasizing the gifts of the Holy Spirit, especially in tongues