All animals must keep their cells supplied with ________ and _________
Nutrients and oxygen
It is an organ system that speeds up the distribution of materials within an animal body.
Circulatory system
It has an open circulatory system
Arthropods and mollusks
It has a closed circulatory system
Annelids, cephalopod mollusks, and all vertebrates.
A fluid pumped through such system
Blood
Most exchanges between blood and the cells of other tissues take place across the walls of the smallest diameter blood vessels.
Capilliaries
Has a closed circulatory system with a single heart.
Vertebrates
One chamber that receives blood
Atrium
A chamber that pumps out blood out of the heart
Ventricle
Has a 3 chambered heart with 2 atria emptying into 1 ventricle
Amphibians and reptiles
A contraction to the lungs
Pulmonary circuit
A second contraction that sends oxygenated blood
Systemic circuit
Has a 4-chambered heart, 2-atria and 2-ventricles.
Birds and mammals
Muscular organ that pumps fluid through a circulatory system
Heart
Fluid pumped through an open circulatory system
Hemolymph
The main vessels of the pulmonary circuit.
Pulmonary arteries and veins
The body’s largest artery; it carries away oxygenated blood away from the heart.
Aorta
Vein that returns blood from the head, neck, upper trunk and arms.
Superior vena cava
Vein that returns blood from the lower trunk and legs.
Inferior vena cava.
Vessel that carries blood from the heart to a lung
Pulmonary artery
Vessel that carries blood from lung to the heart
Pulmonary vein
A large diameter vessel that returns blood to the heart
Vein
It is a sac in the heart
Pericardium
It divides the heart into right and left sides.
Septum
It means relaxation
Diastole
It means contraction
Systole
Walls that are thickly muscled in the heart
Ventricle walls
It pumps blood throughout the long systemic circuit, has thicker walls than the other ventricle and pumps blood only to the lungs and back.
Left ventricle
A clump of specialized cells in the wall of the right atrium, serves as the pacemaker.
Sinoatrial node
It is a connective tissue with multiple functions. It delivers essential oxygen and nutrients to cells and carries cells’ metabolic wastes to various organs for disposal.
Vertebrate blood.
The fluid portion of the blood and is mostly water.
Plasma
These proteins are in the plasma which are water soluble proteins made by the liver.
Albumins
Plasma proteins made by the liver are essential to blood clotting
Clotting factors.
These are produced by white blood cells and function in immunity
Immunoglobulins
These transport oxygen from lungs to aerobically respiring cells and help move waste carbon dioxide away from them. The most abundant cells in blood.
Red blood cells or erythrocytes.
It is a flexible disk with a depression at the center
Human Red blood cell.
It is a hormone made by the kidney and it is necessary for red blood cell production by bone marrow.
Erythroprotein.
It carries out ongoing housekeeping tasks and function in defense.
White blood cells or leukocytes
Kinds of leukocytes
Neutrophil, Eosinophils, Basophils and mast cells, Monocytes and macrophages.
the most abundant white cells and are phagocytes that engulf bacteria and cellular debris.
Neutrophils
are specialized in attacking larger parasites (e.g worms)
Eosinophils
these secrete chemicals that have a role in inflammation.
Basophils and mast cells.
_____, circulates blood flow that develops into phagocytic cells known as ______.
Monocytes and macrophages.
It interacts with lymphocytes to bring about immune responses.
Macrophages
Two types of lymphocytes
B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes
what type of lymphocyte that protects the body against specific pathogens?
T lymphocytes
what type of lymphocyte secretes the immunoglobulins that are a component of plasma?
B lymphocytes
It is a membrane-wrapped fragment of cytoplasm that arises when a large cell breaks up.
Platelet
This process stops blood loss from an injured vessel and provides a framework for repairs.
Hemostasis.
It is clotting factor that is converted to fibrin by the enzyme thrombin, which circulates in blood as the inactive precursor prothrombin.
Fibrinogen
It is also a clotting factor that is activated by an enzyme that is activated by another enzyme.
Prothrombin
It is a genetic disorder that is having a vitamin K deficiency.
Hemophilia
Blood vessel that conveys blood from an artery to capillaries
arteriole
Brief stretching of artery walls that occurs when ventricles contract.
pulse
Narrowing of a blood vessel when smooth muscle that rings it contracts.
vasoconstriction
Widening of a blood vessel when smooth muscle that rings it relaxes.
Vasodilation
It is pressure excerted by blood against the wall of the vessel that encloses it.
Blood Pressure.
The highest pressure of a cardiac cycle or blood pressure when ventricles are contracting.
Systolic pressure.
The lowest blood pressure of a cardiac cycle or blood pressure when ventricles are relaxed.
Diastolic pressure
Blood from multiple capillaries flows into a thin-walled vessel called _____.
venule.
It holds the greatest volume of blood
veins
Damaged valves can cause ____.
Varicose Veins
A clot that forms in a vessel and remains in place.
Thrombus
A clot or part of a clot that breaks loose and travels through blood vessels to new location.
Embolus
It arises from a mutation that causes hemoglobin to change shape at a low oxygen concentration.
Sickle-cell anemia
This occur when mutations disrupt or halt synthesis of a globin chain of hemoglobin.
Thalassenmias
Overproduction of red blood cells
Polycythemia
Overproduction of white blood cells
Leukemia
These are cancers that originate in Bor T lymphocytes.
Lymphomas
This is a buildup of lipids in the arterial wall narrows the lumen or space inside the vessel.
Atheroclerosis
Clogged coronary arteries can be treated with ___.
Bypass or angioplasty.
It is used to open partially blocked carotid arteries.
angioplasty
Refers to chronically high blood pressure.
Hypertension
It is a below average resting cardiac rate.
Bradycardia
It is faster than normal heart rate.
Tachycardia
It is an arrhythmia in which the atria do not contract normally, but instead quiver.
atrial fibrillation
It is where ventricles quiver and pumping falters or stops.
Ventricular Fibrillation
Fluid in the lymph vascular system
Lymph
Small mass of lymphatic tissue through which lymph filters; contains many lymphocytes (B and T cells).
lymph node
System of vessels that takes up interstitial fluid and carries it (as lymph) to the blood.
Lymph vascular system
Fist-sized lymphoid organ located in the upper abdomen; filters blood and enhances immune function.
spleen