Class #1

Question 1

What are the two levels of the study of anatomy?

Answer 1

Gross Anatomy - large structure and easily observable

Microscopic Anatomy - structures cannot be seen with naked eye and can only be viewed by microscope

Question 2

What are the three body planes?

Answer 2

Frontal Plane (creates a front and a back)

Transverse Plane (saws a man in half)

Median or Midsagittal Plane (divides body into right and left)

Question 3

What are the two main body cavities?

Answer 3

Dorsal and Ventral

Question 4

What organs are protected by the thoracic body cavity?

Answer 4

Heart and lungs (protected by the rib cage)

Question 5

What organ(s) are housed in the cranial body cavity?

Answer 5

The brain - part of the dorsal body cavity

Question 6

What organ(s) are housed in the spinal Body Cavity?

Answer 6

The spinal cord - part of the dorsal body cavity

Question 7

What organ(s) are housed in the abdominopelvic body cavity?

Answer 7

Everything but the kidneys - part of the ventral body cavity

Question 8

What is a body cavity?

Answer 8

A space that is encased by a serous membrane, keeping organs safely kept within their own boundaries

Question 9

What are the four abdominopelvic quadrants?

Answer 9

Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ)
Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ)
Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ)
Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ)

Question 10

What organs are/can be in the Right Upper Quadrant?

Answer 10

Liver, Gallbladder, Transverse Colon, or the pancreas

Question 11

What organs are/can be in the Left Upper Quadrant?

Answer 11

Spleen, Stomach, Pancreas, Transverse Colon

Question 12

What organs are/can be in the Right Lower Quadrant?

Answer 12

Appendix, Iliocecal Valve, Uterus, Ovarie(s), Ascending Colon, Small Intestine and possibly the transverse colon

Question 13

What organs are/can be in the Left Lower Quadrant?

Answer 13

Sigmoid Colon, Descending colon, small intestine, Uterus, Ovarie(s), and possibly the transverse colon

Question 14

What are the Abdomino Pelvic Regions?

Answer 14

• Right Hypocondriac Region
• Epigastric Region (Epi = Above - above stomach)
• Left Hypocondriac Region
• Right Lumbar Region
• Umbilical Region
• Left Lumbar Region
• Right Inguinal Region
• Hypogastric Region (Hypo = Below - below stomach)
• Left Inguinal Region

Question 15

What organs are/can be in the Right Hypocondriac Region?

Answer 15

Liver, Gallbladder

Question 16

What organs are/can be in the Epigastric Region?

Answer 16

Liver, Gallbladder, Stomach, Pancreas

Question 17

What organs are/can be in the Left Hypocondriac Region?

Answer 17

Liver, Stomach, Spleen, possible transverse colon

Question 18

What organs are/can be in the Right Lumbar Region?

Answer 18

Ascending Colon, Transverse Colon, Small Intestine, Gallbladder, ovaries

Question 19

What organs are/can be in the Umbilical Region?

Answer 19

Ascending Colon, Transverse Colon, Small Intestine, Gallbladder, Pancreas, Ovaries, Uterus, stomach

Question 20

What organs are/can be in the Left Lumbar Region?

Answer 20

Descending colon, stomach, transverse colon, small intestine, ovaries

Question 21

What organs are/can be in the Right Inguinal Region?

Answer 21

Ascending Colon, Appendix, Iliocecal valve, ascending colon

Question 22

What organs are/can be in the Hypogastric Region?

Answer 22

small intestine, appendix, iliocecal valve, anus, sigmoid colon, utuerus, ovaries

Question 23

What organs are/can be in the Left Inguinal Region?

Answer 23

Small Intestine, descending colon, ovaries

Question 24

What are the levels of structural organization?

Answer 24

• Chemical Level (atoms & Molecules)
• Cellular Level
• Tissue Level
• Organ Level
• Organ Systems Level
• Organism Level

Question 25

What is the tissue level?

Answer 25

many cells performing a specific function

Question 26

what is the organism level?

Answer 26

Organ systems working together to stay alive and thrive

Question 27

What is the Organ level?

Answer 27

more than one tissue performing a specific function

Question 28

What is the chemical level?

Answer 28

chemicals like oxygen and glucose

Question 29

what is the cellular level?

Answer 29

Cells

Question 30

What is the Organ system level?

Answer 30

Organs working together for a common purpose

Question 31

What are the four organic elements found throughout the body?

Answer 31

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen and Nitrogen

Question 32

What organic elements are not found in fats or carbohydrates?

Answer 32

Nitrogen

Question 33

What is homeostasis?

Answer 33

maintenance of stable internal environment via feedback machanisms

• dynamic state of equilibrium
• occurs at all levels of physiological organization
• necessary for normal body functioning and to sustain life

Question 34

What is a homeostasis imbalance?

Answer 34

a disturbance in homeostasis resulting in disease

- often amenable to nutritional intervention

Question 35

What are the components of homeostasis?

Answer 35

Stimulus - internal (hormones) or external (temp/pressure)
Receptor - on all cells of the body (but different for each cell type)
Input - Information sent to the control centre
Control Centre - decides what to do
Output - sends information to the effector, nerves, proteins, hormones
Effector - organelles in the cell, cells themselves, or muscles in the body
Response - the reaction taken by the effector - moving out of the way, boy cooling down, heart rate decrease, inflammation decrease

Question 36

What are the two feedback mechanisms of homeostasis?

Answer 36

1) Negative - whatever the stimulus is, it causes a reduction in itself
2) Positive - Whatever the stimulus is, it causes more of the same stimulus (very rare)

Question 37

What are the 8 Necessary Life Functions?

Answer 37

1) maintain boundaries (outside/inside separate)
2) Movement (locomotion or movement of substances)
3) Responsiveness (ability to sense changes & react)
4) Digestion (breakdown/absorption of nutrients)
5) Metabolism (chemical reactions within the body, energy creation, regulates hormones, builds larger molecules from smaller ones, break down complex molecules into smaller ones)
6) Excretion (eliminates waste from metabolic reactions, wastes removed in urine or feces)
7) reproduction (occurs at a cellular and organismal level)
8) Growth (increases cell size and number, regulated by hormones)