Classification of infectious agents

Question 1

Which organelle produces ATP in cells?

Answer 1

Mitochondria

Question 2

Which part of the body has the most amount of bacteria?

Answer 2

Mouth

Question 3

How does cyanide kill us?

Answer 3

Blocks off the ETC and kills us in minutes

Question 4

The mitochondria in eukaryotic cells is related to what?

Answer 4

Rickettsia

Question 5

Abnormally configured self-replicating protein templates.

Answer 5

Prions

Question 6

What are the two basic configurations that proteins come in (2D stuctures)?

Answer 6

Alpha helix or B-pleated sheets

Question 7

Normal prion proteins are in what configuration?

Answer 7

Alpha-helix

Question 8

What is the diseased configuration of prions?

Answer 8

Beta-pleated sheets

Question 9

Nucleic acid (DNA/RNA) genes packaged in protein coats which can subvert host cells to replicate virus particles.

Answer 9

Viruses

Question 10

Are viruses alive?

Answer 10

no

Question 11

This classification consists of animals (including helminths), plant, fungi, algae and protozoa

Answer 11

eukaryotes

Question 12

This group consists of the Archaea and Bacteria

Answer 12

Prokaryotes

Question 13

Why aren’t viruses or prions part of the eukaryotes or prokaryotes?

Answer 13

Viruses and prions are not cells

Question 14

Extremely old, primitive lifeforms that live in hot water upwellings at the bottom of the sea, where there is warm volcanic water.

Answer 14

Archae

Question 15

Who are archaea most closely related to?

Answer 15

Prokaryotes

Question 16

What is the defining characteristics of eukaryotes?

Answer 16

Nuclear membrane

Question 17

Describe the genetic organization of eukaryotes.

Answer 17

dsDNA organized into linear chromosomes; multiple chromosomes

Question 18

Describe eukaryotes in terms of organelles, ribosomes and size.

Answer 18

Eukaryotes have subcellular organelles.
They have larger, 80S ribosomes, some of which are attached to the ER (RER), some are free.
These are larger cells (10-100 microns)

Question 19

Describe prokaryotes in terms of genetic organization, ribosomes, cell size and differentiating factor(s) between them and eukaryotes.

Answer 19

Single, circular ds DNA chromosome
smaller (70s) ribosomes, free in cytoplasm
smaller cell size
No nuclear membrane (nucleoid) and no subcellular organelles

Question 20

What is a nucleoid?

Answer 20

Area where the supercoiled prokaryotic DNA is tucked away

Question 21

What is the importance of cell walls?

Answer 21

Function as osmotic barriers

Question 22

Which bacterial genuses do not have cell walls?

Answer 22

Mycoplasma, Ureaplasma

Question 23

Which bacterial group has a flexible cell wall?

Answer 23

Spirochaetes

Question 24

Which bacterial group has a rigid cell wall?

Answer 24

Most bacteria

Question 25

Net diffusion of water across an osmotic gradient until solutes are of equivalent concentration across a semi-permeable membrane.

Answer 25

Fick's law of diffusion

Question 26

Which bacterial groups are filamentous?

Answer 26

Mycobacterium, Actinomyces, Nocardia

Question 27

Which bacterial groups are simple and unicellular?

Answer 27

Most bacteria

Question 28

Although most bacteria are free-living, which groups are obligate intracellular parasites?

Answer 28

Chlamydia, Coxiella, Ehrlichia, Rickettsia (latter makes sense since it is related to the mitochondria)

Question 29

Can tolerate significant concentrations of ambient oxygen

Answer 29

Aerobes

Question 30

If a bacteria is classified as aerobic, does that necessarily mean they use oxygen?

Answer 30

NO, simply means they have means of surviving oxygen

Question 31

Poisoned by significant concentrations of ambient oxygen

Answer 31

Anaerobic

Question 32

If you give too much oxygen (i.e. too high of a concentration) to a patient, what occurs?

Answer 32

Pulmonary fibrosis, and possibly ARDS (Adult respiratory distress syndrome)

Question 33

Test to classify bacteria based on whether or not they were decolourized by alcohol after staining with gentian violet (crystal violet now) and iodine.

Answer 33

Gram stain

Question 34

What does a gram-positive mean?

Answer 34

Retained the stain

Question 35

Instead of using gentian violet, what reagents do we use?

Answer 35

Crystal violet | Safranine counter stain

Question 36

Describe the gram positive cell wall

Answer 36

Simple, thick layer of peptidoglycan outside of the cell membrane Contains teichoic acid

Question 37

Describe the gram negative cell wall.

Answer 37

Complex structure with inner and outer membranes, LPS, porin proteins and a thin peptidoglycan layer

Question 38

What are the different bacterial shapes?

Answer 38

``` Cocci - chains or clusters Robs - bacilli Short rods - coccobacilli Curved Spiral Branched - filamentous ```

Question 39

What does staph mean?

Answer 39

Grape

Question 40

Which bacterium causes typhoid fever?

Answer 40

Salmonella enterica serovar typhi

Question 41

Which bacterium causes cholera

Answer 41

Vibrio cholerae

Question 42

What is fermentation?

Answer 42

The anaerobic metabolism of sugar

Question 43

Fermentation is used to classify what?

Answer 43

Gram -ve rods

Question 44

What are the issues with non-fermenters?

Answer 44

Hard to classify and treat