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Flashcards in CLDB lab Deck (28)
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1
Q

whAT IS CLIMATOLOGY?

A
  • “Climate is what you expect. Weather is what you get.”
  • Climate represents the composite of day-to-day weather over a longer period of time.
  • A climatologist attempts to discover and explain the impacts of climate so that society can plan its activities, design its buildings and infrastructure, and anticipate the effects of adverse conditions. Although climate is not weather, it is defined by the same terms, such as temperature, precipitation, wind, and solar radiation
2
Q
  1. CLIMATOLOGICAL DATABASE (CLDB) :
A
  • one unified structure based on Oracle Database Server
  • CLDB operate with reliable monitoring system and
    • Stores
    • processes past, present and real time climate data
    • data retrieval
    • Manages
    • analysis
    • routine backup
  • WMO evaluated CLDB and declared fully compatible with WMO practices and recommendations.
3
Q

MODULES IN CLDB CLIMATE APPLICATIONS :

A
  • Select Application.
  • Reports.
  • Wind Rose.
  • Manual Data Entry.
  • Upper Air Data.
  • Import CSV.
  • QC Long Term.
  • Map Analysis.
  • MeteoSatProduct Browser.
  • Radar Product Browser.
4
Q

PROCESS SCHEME OF DATA MANAGEMENT PROCESS :

A
5
Q

VALIDATION AND QUALITY CONTROL :

A
  • Accuracy important
  • Climatological database system is being designed for:
    • validation and
    • removal of erroneous and invalid data as they are entered:
      • manually or
      • imported automatically by establishing a set of quality control procedures
        • QC is done to:
          • verify and
          • detect if data is representative of what was to be measured and has not been contaminated by unrelated factors.
6
Q

Data errors arise primarily as a result of

A
  • instrumental,
  • observer or
  • data transmission
7
Q

since data values are interrelated in time and space, an integrated procedures developed to examine:

A
  • consistency and
  • high-quality homogenized time-series datasets with specific criteria,
8
Q

CLDB provide QC flags for erroneous data indicating the reason for the decision to:

A
  • accept,
  • reject or
  • estimate a value.

Data should be considered as satisfactory for permanent archiving only after they have been subjected to adequate quality control.

9
Q

INTERNAL CONSISTENCY :

A

Internal consistency relies on the physical relationships among climatological elements. All elements should be thoroughly verified against any associated elements within each observation for example:

  • Psychometric data should be checked to ensure that the reported dry bulb temperature equals or exceeds the reported wet bulb temperature.
  • The relationship between visibility and present weather should be checked for adherence to standard observation practices.
  • Maximum value must be equal to or higher than a minimum value.
  • Global radiation cannot be greater than the irradiance at the top of the atmosphere.
  • Wind direction must be between 0° and 360°.
  • Calm wind if both direction and wind speed are 0.
  • Precipitation cannot be negative.
10
Q

TEMPORAL CONSISTENCY

A
  • Temporal consistency tests the variation of an element in time, a check should be made by comparing
    • the prior and subsequent observations.

data reviewers can establish the amount of change that might be expected in a particular element in any time interval using:

  • Using experience or
  • analytical or
  • statistical methodologies

the amount of change that might be expected in a particular element in any time interval this change usually depends on

  • the element,
  • season,
  • location and
  • time lag between two successive observations.

The suspicious value will have to:

  • be compared to present weather at that time, and perhaps to
  • other types of observations such as wind direction before a decision is made to validate or modify it.
  • A check should be made by comparing the prior and subsequent observations
    • temperature drop of 10°C realistic if associated with the passage of a cold front, downdraft or onset of a sea breeze.

Elements should be visualized at the same time in order to facilitate diagnostics for example it will be easier to validate a temperature drop if the information showing the veering of winds associated with the passage of a cold front, or heavy rain from a thunderstorm.

11
Q

SPATIAL CONSISTENCY :

A

Spatial consistency compares each observation with observations taken at the same time at other stations in the area. Each observation can be compared to what would be expected at that site based on the observations from neighboring stations.

12
Q

CLDB

A

CLimate DataBase system.

13
Q

Surfer Ver.13.6.618

A

Powerful contouring, gridding and surface mapping package

14
Q

RAOB

A

RAwinsonde OBservation program

15
Q

ADMIRALTY TotalTide

A

¡Provides accurate tidal height predictions.

16
Q

RStudio

A

A Programming Environment for Statistics ,Data Analysis and Graphics.

17
Q

Climate information can be presented in many ways to meet the needs of customers such as:

A
  • Tabulations of hourly, daily, monthly and long term climate data
  • Tabular display of monthly climate summary (Means-Extremes-Totals).
  • Wind roses.
  • Time-series graphs (Line graphs –Bar graphs –Scatter diagrams).
  • Reports (Daily, Monthly & Annual).
  • Contour maps.
  • Percentage frequencies for specific elements.
  • Upper-air soundings.
  • Statistics of special weather phenomena such as number of days with (Fog-Rain-Thunderstorms –Dust-Rising Sand-Dust storms/Sand storms)
18
Q

CLIMATE SERVICES :

A

Climate services are the dissemination of climate information and derived products to the public for the purpose of interpreting and applying past climate information for decision-making and planning purposes including:

  • Government departments.
  • Private interests and academia.
  • Planning mitigation and adaptation strategies to climate change.
  • Media.
  • Hydrology,
  • Tourism.
  • Farmers.
  • Defense forces.
  • Consumers.
  • Legal professionals.
  • Health.
  • School project.
  • Construction.
  • Agricultural operations.
  • Water management.
  • Operating an air conditioning system.
  • Dams.
  • Renewable energy.
19
Q

CLIMATOLOGICAL ENQUIRIES :

The fundamental principles for providing climate services are

A
  • Know the customer and understand what is needed such as :
    • The climatic elements that are relevant to interests of the recipient.
    • How the user wishes to receive information (e.g. Formats – Email / Fax)
    • How the user is likely to interpret the information.
    • What purpose the information will be used.
  • How the information might improve the decision-making processes.
  • Information should be accurate, simple, and accessible.
  • If the required data not available, data from the closest available reporting station must be used as a substitute.
20
Q

GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR IMPROVING CLIMATE PRODUCTS AND SERVICES :

A
  • Providing the best services with reasonable cost.
  • Timely delivery of products.
  • Enhancing customer awareness of the available Climateproducts and services.
  • Encouragement of customer feedback.
  • Availability of relevant documentation and metadata.
  • Monitoring user satisfaction and assessing service performance.
21
Q

PROCEDURES FOR REQUESTING CLIMATE DATA

A
  1. Receiving the data request from the customer service department by email or submitting by hand in person.
  2. Climate section sends the application form and list of data available to customer.
  3. After receiving the request for required stations and period of data.
  4. The cost of data to be provided is calculated by Finance department and send quotation to the customer for payment.
  5. The customer pays the said amount in NCMaccount Al HilalBank.
  6. Climate section start processing of required data.
  7. Data is reviewed before delivery to ensure the quality and accuracy of product.
  8. Climate data can be delivered to customer via a number of methods ranging from: Email - FTP or by hand.
  9. Save all the papers of request in hard and soft copies.
22
Q

AVAILABLE METEOROLOGICAL ELEMENTS :

A
  • Air Temperature.
  • Wind direction.
  • Wind speed.
  • Visibility.
  • Dew point temperature.
  • Wet bulb temperature.
  • Vapor pressure.
  • Rainfall.
  • Soil Moisture.
  • Relative Humidity.
  • Weather Phenomena.
  • Evaporation.
  • Solar Radiation.
  • Ground temperature.
  • Clouds (Amount-Type-Height).
  • Air Pressure.
  • Sunshine Hours.
  • Soil temperature :( 5 cm- 20 cm- 50 cm- 100 cm).
  • Wave Height.
23
Q

WMO

A

World Meteorological Organization

24
Q

NCM

A

National Center of Meteorology

25
Q

AWS

A

Automatic Weather Station

26
Q

CLDB

A

CLimate DataBase

27
Q

QC

A

Quality Control

28
Q

FTP

A

File Transfer Protocol