what arrhythmia has an irregular irregular pulse?
atrial fibrillation
what heart valve defect has a slow-rising pulse?
aortic stenosis
what hear valve defect has a collapsing pulse?
aortic regurgitaiton
what 3 major conditions give a bounding pulse?
acute CO2 retention, hepatic failure, sepsi
what condition give a radial-femoral delay?
co-arction of the aorta
what 2 conditions give a jerky pulse?
hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy
mitral regurgitation
what 2 conditions give pulsus bisferiens?
ie a bifid pulse
mixed aortic disease
hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy
what 2 conditions give pulsus paradoxus?
ie large decrease in pulse volume during inspiration
cardiac tamponade
constrictive pericarditis
what condition gives a raised, fixed JVP?
superior vena cava, obstruction
what condition gives a JVP rising on inspiration?
cardiac tamponade
constrictive pericarditis
what gives large ‘v’ waves in the JVP?
tricuspid regurgitation
what gives absent ‘a’ waves in the JVP?
atrial fibrillation
what 3 major conditions give cannon ‘a’ waves in the JVP?
complete heart block
AV dissociation
ventricular arrhythmias (eg VT)
what heart valve abnormality gives you a wide pulse pressure?
aortic regurgiation
what heart valve abnormality gives you a narrow pulse pressure?
aortic stenosis
what murmur is a rumbling mid-diastolic murmur heard best at the apex?
mitral stenosis
what murmur is a pansystolic murmur at apex, radiating to carotids?
mitral regurgitation
what murumur is a ejection systolic murmur heard best in the aortic area?
aortic stenosis
what murmur is an early diastolic murmur heard best at the left lower sternal edge?
(best heard in expiration leaning froward)
aortic regurgitation
what murmur is a harsh pansystolic murmur head best at the left sternal edge?
ventricular septal defect
what murmur gives a tapping apex beat?
mitral stenosis
what murmurs give a displace, volume overloaded, apex beat?
mitral regurgitation, aortic regurgitation
what murmur gives a heaving undisplaced apex beat?
aortic stenosis
what heart valve abnormality is associated with malar flush?
mitral stenosis
what heart valve abnormality is associated with pulsatile hepatomegaly?
tricuspid regurgitation
what heart valve abnormality is associated with carotid pulsation? (corrigans signs)
aortic regurgitation
what heart valve abnormality is associated with head nodding? (de Mussets sign)
aortic regurgitation
what heart valve abnormality is associated with capillary pulsations in nail bed? (quincke’s sign)
aortic regurgitation
what condition is associated with roth spots, janeway lesions and osler nodes?
infective endocarditis
what congenital heart defect gives a continuous ‘machinery’ murmur best heard below left clavicle?
PDA
when do patients with tranposition of the great vessels become cyanosed?
first day of life
when do patients with tetralogy of fallot become cyanosed?
first month of life
on an ECG, what does a ‘saw-tooth’ pattern with normal complexes suggest?
atrial flutter
on an ECG what does absent ‘p’ waves suggest?
atrial fibrillation
or sino-atrial block
on an ECG what does a bifid ‘p’ wave suggest?
left atrial hypertrophy
eg due to mitral stenosis
on an ECG what does a peaked ‘p’ wave suggest?
right atrial hypertrophy (eg due to pulmonary hypertension, tricuspid stenosis)
on an ECG what does ST depression show?
myocardial ischaemia
on an ECG what does ST elevation show?
acute MI
or left ventricular aneurysm
on an ECG, what does ‘saddle’-shaped ST elevation show?
acute constrictive pericarditis
on an ECG what does s1q3t3 pattern suggest?
deep S waves lead 1
Q waves in lead 3
inverted T waves in lead 3
pulmonary embolism
but rare finding
on an ECG, what does tall tented ‘t’ waves and wide QRS complex suggest?
hyperkalaemia
on an ECG, what does flattened ‘t’ waves and prominent ‘U’ waves suggest?
hypokalaemia
