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Term 1 MD > CNS-Brain > Flashcards

CNS-Brain Flashcards

(71 cards)

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1
Q

Folds in the brain

A

Gyri

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2
Q

Grooves in the brain

A

Sulci

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3
Q

Deep groove in the brain

A

Called longitudinal fissure

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4
Q

Generalized functions of the lobes

A

Sensory, motor, visual, auditory, language and higher cognitive functions, memory

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5
Q

Thalamus

A

Relaying and modulating sensory input to cerebrum
-Modulating cerebral activity to regulate motor function

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6
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Homeostasis; growth and reproduction

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7
Q

Brainstem

A

Midbrain, Pons and Medulla Oblongata
-Vegetative functions such as cardio regulation, swallowing, yawning, etc.

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8
Q

Cerebellum

A

Posture, balance, and smooth coordinated movements

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9
Q

The Cortex Cranial Nerves

A

CN I - CN II

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10
Q

Midbrain Cranial Nerves

A

CN III - CN IV

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11
Q

Pons Cranial Nerves

A

CN V - CN VIII

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12
Q

Medulla Cranial Nerves

A

CN IX - XII

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13
Q

Inner gray matter (nuclei)

A

Cell bodies of neurons and glial cells

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14
Q

Outer white matter (tracts)

A

Myelinated axons, neural “highways”

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15
Q

Is the dorsal horn part of the sensory or motor tract?

A

Sensory

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16
Q

Is the ventral horn part of the sensory or motor tract?

A

Motor

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17
Q

Visceral afferent fibers

A

Nerve fibers coming from organs to the spinal cord cell body

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18
Q

Adrenergic, noradrenergic

A

A nerve ending that releases norepinephrine as the primary transmitter; also, a synapse in which norepinephrine is the primary transmitter

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19
Q

Adrenoceptor, adrenergic receptor

A

A receptor that binds, and is activated by, one of the catecholamine transmitters or hormones (norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine) and related drugs

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20
Q

Baroreceptor reflex

A

The homeostatic mechanism that maintains a constant mean arterial blood pressure; the sensory limb originates in the baroreceptors of the carotid sinus and aortic arch; efferent pathways run in parasympathetic and sympathetic nerves to the heart and blood vessels

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21
Q

Cholinergic

A

A nerve ending that releases acetylcholine; also, a synapse in which the primary transmitter is acetylcholine

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22
Q

Cholinoceptor, cholinergic receptor

A

A receptor that binds, and is activated by, acetylcholine and related drugs

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23
Q

Dopaminergic

A

A nerve ending that releases dopamine as the primary transmitter; also a synapse in which dopamine is the primary transmitter

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24
Q

Homeostatic reflex

A

A compensatory mechanism for maintaining a body function at a predetermined level, for example, the baroreceptor reflex for blood pressure control

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25
Non-adrenergic, noncholinergic (NANC) system
Nerve fibers associated with autonomic nerves that release any transmitter other than norepinephrine or acetylcholine
26
Parasympathetic
The part of the autonomic nervous system that originates in the cranial nerves (and traditionally, the sacral part of the spinal cord); the craniosacral autonomic system
27
Postsynaptic receptor
A receptor located on the distal side of a synapse, for example, on a postganglionic neuron or an autonomic effector cell
28
Presynaptic receptor
A receptor located on the nerve ending from which the transmitter is released into the synapse; modulates the release of transmitter
29
Sympathetic
The part of the autonomic nervous system that originates in the thoracic and lumbar parts of the spinal cord; the thoracolumbar autonomic system
30
Pheochromocytoma
-Most common tumor of the adrenal medulla in adults -Derived from chromaffin cells -Secrete epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine -Symptoms: occurs in "spells"-relapse and remit -Elevated blood pressure -Headache -Excessive sweating -Palpitations (tachycardia) -Pallor Lab: elevated catecholamines and their metabolites metanephrine Treatment: Surgery Pre-Op: Phenoxybenzamine + Beta-Blocker
31
Multipolar
Have several dendrites and one axon
32
Pseudounipolar (unipolar)
One continuous process (axon) that emerges from the cell and divides into two processes
33
Bipolar
Have one main dendrite and one axon
34
Motor-Efferent
-Conveys impulses to effector cells -Somatic: skeletal muscles -Visceral: smooth cardiac muscles, glands found in organs -Typically multipolar
35
Sensory-Afferent
Conveys impulses from receptors for integration -Somatic: pain, temp, touch, pressure. proprioception -Visceral: distention, ischemia, inflammation, physiological processes from internal organs, glands, blood vessels -Typically pseudounipolar or biopolar
36
Interneurons (integrative)
-Communication and integration between sensory and motor neurons, tendon reflexes
37
Neuroglial cells
Make up about half the volume of CNS
38
CNS cells
Astrocytes Oligodendrocytes Microglia Ependymal cells
39
PNS cells
Schwann cells Satellite cells
40
Somatic afferent nerves run:
From skin, fascia of the body wall specifically the back and to the rest of the body
41
Somatic efferent nerves run:
To skeletal muscle of the deep muscles of the back, and to the rest of the muscles of the body
42
Visceral afferent nerves run from:
Organs
43
Visceral efferent (ANS) run:
To smooth and cardiac muscle, glands
44
Acetylcholine
-Neuromuscular junction SNS -ANS-pre and postsynaptic neurons -Used by cholinergic neurons -Degraded by acetylcholinesterase
45
Catecolamines
-Precursor Tyrosine -Epinephrine (Adrenaline)-used by adrenergic neurons -Norepinephrine -Used by catecolaminergic neruons in CNS & ENS -Removed by COMT, MAO
46
Serotonin
-Precursor-Tryptophan -Used by serotonergic neurons
47
Amino Acids
GABA GLY (inhibitor) GLU (excitatory) ASP *Neurotransmitters
48
Nitric Oxide
Synthesized within synapse *Neurotransmitters
49
Small Peptides
Substance P, VIP, CCK, HRH produces by APUD cells
50
The Visceral system innervates [ ] target tissues:
3 target tissues: 1) Smooth muscle (GI tract, blood vessels) 2) Cardiac muscle (including conduction tissue0 3) Glands (Salivary, lacrimal)
51
Sympathetic Nervous System
-Fight or flight -Catabolic system -Increased arterial pressure -Increased heart rate, force of cardiac contraction and cardiac output -Increased blood flow away from skin to skeletal muscle-cold, sweaty skin (constrict vessels to skin and gut/dilate vessels to heart, muscles, lungs) -Increased ventilation-dilation on airways-deep & rapid breathing -Pupillary dilation (greater field of vision) -Sweat glands
52
Parasympathetic nervous system
-Rest and digest mode -Homeostatic or anabolic system -Decreased BP -Decreased HR -Constrictor of bronchial tree and decreased respiratory rates -Stimulation of gut activities-allows for digestion and waste removal -Warm skin -Pupillary constrictor
53
Axonal Transport
Bidirectional movement of material between the cell body and processes
54
Anterograde
Kinesin motor protein: slow or fast (towards synapse, flow of synaptic vesicles, mitochondria)
55
Retrograde
Dynein: motor protein involved-Fast (towards CB; recycled membrane vesicles, neuromodulators, etc.)
56
Neuroglia or glia cells
Non-neuronal cells that support, insulate or nourish neurons (CNS and PNS)
57
Peripheral neuroglia
Schwann cells and Satellite cells
58
Central neuroglia
Astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, ependymal cells and microglia cells
59
Protoplasmic astrocytes
Prevalent in the gray matter -Branching cytoplasmic processes -Maintain the blood-CSF barrier -Contains GFAP (protein of the intermediate filament family) helps provide structural support/strength to cells
60
Fibrous astrocytes
-Prevalent in white matter -Has straight cytoplasmic processes, contains GFAP
61
Microglia
-Smallest type -Originate from hematopoietic (blood cell) line -Functions in phagocytosis of bacteria, removal of debris & injured tissue -Has abundant spikes/ruffled border of cytoplasmic processes
62
Oligodendrocytes
Myelinate axons in the CNS -Have tongue-like cytoplasmic processes -Larger nodes of Ranvier (NR)-increases efficiency of nerve conduction -One oligodendrocyte myelinates portions of several axons
63
Ependymal cells
Epithelium lining of the CNS cavities -Cuboid to columnar cell type -Have characteristic of fluid transporting/absorbing cells (cilia, microvilli, basal infoldings) -Found in choroid plexus, modified cells that interact with capillaries and help secrete cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
64
Schwann cells
Myelinate neurons in PNS. Several Schwann cells myelinate portions of one axon. Provide support for both myelinated and unmyelinated axons in PNS. -Clean up debris -Scaffolding for regeneration of nerve tissue
65
Satellite cells
-Small cuboidal cells -Surround the cell body of neurons in PNS -Regulate the perineuronal environment -Electrical insulator, does not make myelin -Regulate metabolic exchange
66
Myelin
-Lipid rich layer deposited around the axons of neurons -Formed by the mesoaxon of the Schwann cells -Serves to insulate/support axons of nerves fibers from the environment surrounding the endoneurium -Facilitates rapid conduction of nerve impulses
67
Schwann Cells
Myelinate neurons in PNS. Several Schwann cells myelinate proportions of one axon. Provide support for both myelinated and unmyelinated axons in PNS -Clean up debris -Scaffolding for regeneration of nerve tissue
68
Satellite cells
Small cuboidal cells -Surround the cell body of neurons in PNS -Regulated the perineuronal environment -Electrical insulator, does not make myelin -Regulate metabolic exchange
69
Dura mater
Outer covering -Dense connective tissue -Vascular -In the cranium forms the dural venous sinuses -Innervated
70
Arachnoid mater
Loose connective tissue -Lined back to back by simple squamous epithelium -Projects into the sinus to drain CSF into the blood stream -Avascular
71
Pia mater
-Vascular loose connective tissue -Lies directly on brain and spinal cord -Interact with ependymal cells to form choroid plexus

Term 1 MD (54 decks)

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