Flashcards in CNS Part 4 Deck (38)
Loading flashcards...
1
2 most common forms of dementia
Alzheimer's and vascular
2
age of late onset Alzheimer's
after 65
3
age of early onset Alzheimer's
before 65
4
age of family members with familial form of Alzheimer's
before age 50
5
characteristic abnormalities found in the brains of individuals with Alzheimer’s disease (2)
amyloid plaques and Neurofibrillary tangles
6
The neurofibrillary tangles are found inside neurons and consist of insoluble twisted fibers made up of ...
tau protein
7
in Alzheimer’s disease, the tau protein is abnormal, causing ...
microtubular structures collapse.
8
In ... , also known as multi-infarct dementia (MID), micro-infarctions and areas of low blood flow damage brain cells with a resultant loss of neuronal function.
vascular dementia
9
Increased ventricular size and diminished volume of grey and white matter is a finding common to
all forms of dementia.
10
cerebral atrophy with Pick's disease is lobar and typically involves the ... lobes
frontal and temporal
11
This atrophy is often referred to as being "knife-like" in appearance.
Pick's disease
12
What parts of the brain does Parkinson's mainly affect?
substantia nigra and the locus ceruleus
13
the characteristic lesions found within the cytoplasm of neurons in Parkinson's
Lewy Body
14
most common demyelinating disease.
Multiple Sclerosis
15
New inflammatory lesions can be visualized on MRI scans with gadolinium contrast. Focal gadolinium enhanced lesions correspond to breakdown of the blood-brain barrier and acute inflammatory changes with macrophage and lymphocyte infiltration, edema, and demyelization.
Multiple Sclerosis
16
These areas usually contain dense infiltrates of foamy macrophages in association with scattered large oligodendrocytes and enlarged astrocytes.
Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy
17
usually iatrogenic in origin and is due to overly rapid correction of hyponatremia.
Central pontine myelinolysis
18
Pathologically, myelin is destroyed but neurons and axons are typically spared. This pattern of damage is the opposite to the findings seen with infarction/ stroke.
Central pontine myelinolysis
19
In children, ~70% of brain tumors are located... the tentorium (in the posterior fossa) whereas in adults, ~70% of tumors are found ... the tentorium.
below; above
20
most prevalent brain tumors found in children
astrocytic: glioblastomas, followed by medulloblastomas, ependymomas and craniopharyngiomas.
21
In adults, the most prevalent brain tumors are
metastatic tumors followed by astrocytic tumors and meningiomas.
22
The four major classes of primary brain tumors are
Meningiomas, Gliomas, Neuronal tumors, Poorly differentiated neoplasms
23
predominantly benign tumors of adults, attached to the dura.
meningiomas
24
where meningiomas arise
arachnoid
25
malignant tumors of the glial cells of the brain and account for 30-40% of all primary intracranial tumors.
gliomas
26
They occur predominantly in the cerebral hemispheres, but the brain stem and cerebellum are frequent locations in children, and they are also found in the spinal cord.
gliomas
27
The most common types of gliomas
astrocytomas
28
Tumor cells resemble normal or reactive astrocytes. They can be stellate, spindle-shaped with fiber like processes, or plump with a large eosinophilic cytoplasmic mass
astrocytomas
29
most malignant form of astrocytoma
glioblastoma multiforme
30
It occurs most frequently in middle aged adults. Its most common sites are the frontal and temporal lobes, but it may occur at any age and involve any part of the CNS.
glioblastoma multiforme
31
Most often in cerebral hemispheres and along with glioblastoma multiforme, make up 80% adult primary brain tumors
Fibrillary astrocytomas
32
These tumors account for between 5-15% of all gliomas.
Most common in 4th and 5th decades.
Usually found in the white matter of cerebral hemispheres
Oligodendrogliomas
33
most often arise adjacent to the ventricular system.
Ependymomas
34
In the first two decades of life, ependymomas usually are found ...
After age 20, ependymomas are more often found in the ...
near the 4th ventricle; spinal cord
35
About 10% of all primary brain tumors in children are
Ganglioglioma
36
The most common of the poorly differentiated brain tumors is the
medulloblastoma.
37
Medulloblastomas arise almost exclusively in the
cerebellum.
38
