Co-ordination and control

Question 1

Name the two control systems in place in mammals

Answer 1

The nervous system and the endocrine system

Question 2

Definition of a nervous system

Answer 2

a control system comprising neurons connected in networks that control essential sensory, motor and complex functions of an organism

Question 3

What is the CNS tissue made up of?

Answer 3

Neurones and glial cells

Question 4

Briefly describe neurones

Answer 4

Electrically active cells capable of transmitting information. Link to other neurones or muscle cells through junctions called synapses by releasing chemical neurotransmitters.

Question 5

Briefly describe glial cells

Answer 5

Supportive cells of various types. Provide mechanical support but also maintain an optimal physiochemical environment. Some types produce myelin a lipid material, which is white in appearance, and helps to insulate the axons of neurones.

Question 6

What is the central nervous system made up of?

Answer 6

The brain and the spinal chord

Question 7

What is the peripheral nervous system made up of?

Answer 7

Cranial nerves - 12 pairs in humans Spinal nerves - 31 pairs in humans

Question 8

What information goes towards the CNS?

Answer 8

Sensory, from a stimulus

Question 9

What information goes away from the CNS?

Answer 9

Motor, resulting in a response

Question 10

What are some of the integrated functions of the human nervous system?

Answer 10

intellect, consciousness, emotions, motivation, association, memory, language

Question 11

What the subdivisions of the nervous system?

Answer 11

Question 12

What’s another word for the autonomic system?

Answer 12

Visceral

Question 13

The sensory division of the PNS is also known as…

Answer 13

afferent

Question 14

The motor division of the PNS is also known as the…

Answer 14

Efferent system

Question 15

What do the general somatic afferent nerves sense?

Answer 15

touch, pain, vibration, temperature, pressure, proprioception

Question 16

What do the special somatic afferent nerves sense?

Answer 16

hearing, vision, balance

Question 17

What do the general visceral afferent nerves sense?

Answer 17

stretch, pain, temperature, chemical changes & visceral irritation, nausea & hunger

Question 18

What do the special visceral afferent nerves sense?

Answer 18

smell & taste

Question 19

What do general somatic efferent nerves have control over?

Answer 19

motor innervation of all skeletal muscles

Question 20

What do general visceral nerves have control over?

Answer 20

motor innervation of smooth & cardiac muscles, glands

Question 21

Definition of the autonomic nervous system

Answer 21

A nervous control system that functions largely below the level of consciousness and controls visceral functions

Question 22

What does the autonomic nervous system include?

Answer 22

Involves nerves which supply involuntary structures (eg. heart, lungs, GIT, smooth muscle, glands, pupil) & is a purely motor system

Question 23

What is the anatomical difference between somatic and autonomic divisions of the nervous system?

Answer 23

The first is the somatic division and the second is the autonomic division

Question 24

What’s the difference between grey matter and white matter?

Answer 24

White matter is mainly myelinated axons.

Grey matter is mainly cell bodies

Question 25

What does the endocrine system do?

Answer 25

Cell communication Controls all major body processes Reproduction, homeostasis, regulating behaviour and mood, growth, inflammatory response

Question 26

Describe some of the features of endocrine glands

Answer 26

They contain tissue capable of releasing one or more hormones directly into blood Endocrine tissues/glands have a rich vascular supply They are widely distributed around the body There are over ten major and eight minor endocrine glands

Question 27

What are the three arrangements of endocrine tissue?

Answer 27

1. Endocrine organs devoted to hormone synthesis eg thyroid 2. Cluster of cells within an organ eg. Islets of Langerhans (pancreas) 3. Individual cells scattered diffusely throughout an organ, eg. GI tract

Question 28

Name the 8 minor endocrine glands

Answer 28

Pineal Gland, Placenta, Kidneys, Stomach, Duodenum, Liver, Skin, Heart

Question 29

Name the 10 major endocrine glands and one hormone they release

Answer 29

Question 30

Compare and contrast nervous and hormonal control

Answer 30

Hormone signals tend to be much more diffuse Hormone signals tend to be more slow to act Hormones are capable of exerting very long lasting and sometimes permanent effects on their target

Question 31

What does it mean that endocrine glands form an integrated system?

Answer 31

Several glands are able to act in concert (e.g. pituitary, adrenal and pancreas in glucose homeostasis)

Question 32

What's special about the pituitary gland?

Answer 32

The pituitary is like two glands in one. There are two lobes- the posterior and the anterior lobes. It's also known as the master gland

Question 33

Describe the posterior pituitary lobe

Answer 33

Neural tissue that comprises hypothalamic axons & nerve terminals DIRECT CONTROL Neurohypophyseal hormones: Oxytocin, arginine-vasopressin (ADH)

Question 34

Descibe the anterior pituitary lobe

Answer 34

A true gland that receives hypothalamic releasing hormones via portal blood supply. INDIRECT CONTROL Adenohypophyseal hormones: (i) Hormones with tropic action: Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), Luteinising hormone (LH), Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH), Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) (ii) Other hormones:Growth hormone, prolactin

Question 35

What does neuroendocrine control refer to?

Answer 35

It refers to the hypothalamus- pituitary control of some endocrine glands, specifically: the thyroid gland, the adrenal gland, and the gonads (ovary/testis)

Question 36

What is neuroendocrinology?

Answer 36

Branch of endocrinology specifically dealing with the hypothalamic control of the pituitary Includes tripartite axis control (thyroid, adrenal & gonadal functions) Balance between increased output (forward drive) & hormone negative feedback is key

Question 37

What are some of the causes of endocrine disorders?

Answer 37

Hormone deficiency: Destruction of gland, Extraglandular disorder, Defect in biosynthesis Hormone excess: Tumours of endocrine gland, Ectopic hormone production, Overstimulation (hyperplasia), Exogenous hormone Hormone resistance: Receptor defects