CO5 AnSci Flashcards by Rianne Mae Joson

top 3 regions that has the highest distribution of cattle inventory by region

Central Visayas
Ilocos Region
CALABARZON

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ika pila ang Eastern Visayas sa distribution of cattle inventory by region

15th

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refers to the special form or purpose for which an animal is to be used.

types

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meaty,rectangular/square and blocky in form.

Beef type

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large, rugged, with considerable length of leg.

Draft type

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intermediate between beef or dairy or draft.

Dual-purpose

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2n = 48, 80% in East India, Philippines, North China.

Swamp type

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2n = 50, 67% in East India, Middle East, Southern Europe, USSR.

Riverine type

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from India, jet black color with white switch (tip of tail), spirally curled horn, milk yield of 5-7 kg/day.

Murrah

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black with white markings on face & legs, white switch, small & lightly coiled horns.

Nii-Ravi

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light gray, two stripes (chevron) at ventral jaw, milk yield of 1.45-2.64 kg/day.

Philippine Carabao (PC)

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black, long hair, massive and strong horn to form a moonlike crescent which ends upward, milk yield of 0.9-1.0 kg/day.

Thai buffalo

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similar to Philippine Carabao except for their more massive horns.

Cambodian (Kampuchean) buffalo

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Grades with at least 50% Murrah blood are jet black, chevron completely absent, white switch, blacklegs.

Philippine-Murrah

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F1 grades look like Murrah crosses with white flock of hair on the forehead and switch of the tail.

Philippine-ravi

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Look like the native carabao except the former has massive horn.

Philippine-Kampuchean

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Look like Philippine Murrah grades

Kampuchean-Murrah

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Northeast Scotland
World’s largest beef breed registry

Angus

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Short horn and wide set eyes
Early maturity, excellent reproductive performance
Red to Roan (mixture of red and white)

Shorthorn

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First breed development in England; white in face, flanks, tail, and creston the neck with cherry to mahogany red color. Polled Hereford developed in1901.

Hereford

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same origin as Angus; with curly black haircoat

Belted Galloway

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Lasater Ranch, Texas.
½ Brahman, ¼ Hereford, ¼ Shorthorn.
Six Essentials -Weight, Conformation, Milking Ability, Fertility, Hardiness (severe range conditions)
and Disposition.

Beefmaster

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Popular in South America –Brazil

Nelore

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Spotted, few white markings
Head –white in front of the eyes
Lower parts of legs also white

Simmental

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* Excellent maternal traits * Rapid growth * Hybrid vigour * Excellent maternal traits * Rapid growth * Hybrid vigour

Simbrah

Cross between Brahman & Angus

Brangus

* Cross between Red Poll & N’Dama * Heat tolerant & insect resistance

Senepol

a Japanese beef cattle ____ means **Japanese style** and ____ means **cattle**

Wa; gyu

Brown Swiss, Shorthorn, Devon, Simmental, Ayrshire, Korean, Holstein and Angus impacted on today'sWagyu.

British and Continental Breeds

consist of 5/8 Shorthorn + 3/8 Brahman, developed in King Ranch (Texas), red or cherry red with short, slick, straight hair and loose hide with neck folds.

Sta. Gertrudis

the controlled propagation of cattle to improve qualities desirable to man.

Breeding

mating of closely related individuals within a breed; to increase the homozygosity of genes.

Inbreeding

mating of close relatives (father-daughter, son-mother, brother,sister)

Close breeding

mating of distant relatives (cousins). Form of mild inbreeding designed to concentrate the genes of a certain ancestor of the genetic constitution of the progeny.

Line breeding

a very mild form of inbreeding which leads to increase homozygosity within the strain in the long term.

Strain breeding

mating of individuals to increase heterozygousity of genes and capitalize on hybrid vigor(heterosis)

Crossbreeding

the average quality of the first generation exceeding the average of two parental breeds.

Hybrid vigor

is displayed mainly in the fitness traits, fertility and viability

Heterosis

Involving two or more breeds, where the crossbred may stabilize into a breed (eg. Brangus) by “inter se” mating or crisscross or triple cross.

Systematic crossbreeding

Mating of purebred sires to nondescript or native females & their offsprings generation after generation.

Upgrading

Sexual maturity (bulls/heifer)

6-8 months

Estrus cycle

18-24 days (average= 21 days)

Estrus duration

European = 14-18 hours Zebu/Indigenous= 10-12hours

Ovulation

10-14 hours after end of estrus

Parturation

283 days (316-320 in carabao)

Amount of ejaculate

2-12ml, with 500 or more sperm cells/ml.

Sperms urvival at oviduct

48 hours max

Signs of Estrus (period of sexual receptivity of female)

* Reddening & swelling of vulva; mucous discharge * Isolates herself; seem sickly and has no appetite * Frequent urination; restlessness, bellowing/mooing * Mount others; standing still when mounted

conventional use of bull to impregnate a heifer or cow.

Natural Method

a bull in good condition can serve 3-4 times/week or one service every other day.

Hand mating

Modern reproduction techniques that multiply the capacity of superior male or female.

Artificial Insemination and Embryo Transfer

_____ site of fermentation, receiving area for feed (during eating) and ingesta (during rumination).

Reticulum

_____site of fermentation(by bacteria, protozoa & fungi) of (CH2O)n into VFA (acetic, propionic, butyric acids), and CO2 and CH4 that are eructated to prevent bloat; also synthesize water-soluble vitamins (B complex and C). Proteins are broken into NH3 and CO2 where NH3 is utilized for microbial protein synthesis or absorbed, converted into urea & excreted via urine.

Rumen

_____ maintains neutral pH

Saliva

______ is filled with lamella, which increase surface area for absorption of water, VFA, & bicarbonate.

Omasum

_______ is glandular that secrets pepsin & HCl, site of digestion of proteins into polypeptides, with acidic pH

Abomasum

The presence of “course digesta” triggers “rumination reflex” to occur which includes:

* regurgitation * remastication * reinsalivation * reswallowing

process of belching of gas which allows removal of large volume of gases produced in the rumen.

Eructation

the buildup of gas in the rumen. This gas is produced as part of thenormal processof digestion, and is normally lost by belching (eructation)

Bloating

which occurs when the gullet is obstructed (often by foreign objects such as potato

Gassy bloat

which happens as the result of a stable foam developing on top of the rumen liquid, which blocks the release of the gas.

Frothy Bloat

Signs of Bloat

* No longer grazing; * A reluctance to move; * Distended left abdomen; * Appear distressed -vocalize, eyes bulging; * Strain to urinate and defecate; * Rapid breathing -mouth may be open with tongue protruding ; staggering.

Treatment of Bloating

* Passing a stomach tube * a trochar and cannula punched through the side into the rumen * antifoaming agents

transport of metabolic products; cushion of joints; temperature regulation; etc.

water

for maintenance, growth, work & production. From soluble carbohydrates (starch & sugars), structural carbohydrates (cellulose & hemicellulose), and lipids.

Energy

synthesis of muscles, tissues, other body components. Microbial cell protein (MCP) is the source of amino acids (AA) for ruminants.

Proteins

water-soluble (B-complex) & fat-soluble K vitamins are synthesized in the rumen.

Vitamins

bone & teeth formation, acid-base balance, nerve impulse transmission.

Minerals

is the natural cheapest feeds for ruminants and includes not only grasses but also legumes

Forages & Pastures

____ contains 8% CP

Grasses

____ contains aboit 20% CP

Legumes

Rice straw, corn stover, corn cobs, sugarcane tops, brewers’ grains, pineapple pulp (highly fibrous).

Roughages

silage, hay, haylage.

Conserved Forages

grains, agro-industrial by-products like copra meal, ricebran, & wheat pollard.

Concentrates

* Origin is Queensland, Australia * Sahiwal (dairy Zebu from Pakistan) & Holstein-Friesian * Average milk yield is 3,000 liters for mature cows

AUSTRALIAN-FRIESIAN SAHIWAL

* From County of Ayr in Scotland * Purebred Ayrshires only produce red and white offspring * Moderate butterfat breed

AYRSHIRE

* color varies from yellow to reddish-brown with white patches * produce their high-quality milk while consuming 20 to 30 percent less feed per pound of milk produced * unique producer of rich yellow colored milk gave her the title "Golden Guernsey"

GUERNSEY

* color light brown in color with a creamy white muzzle and dark noze, dark-blue eye pigmentation * Raised due to its good milk, protein, and butter fat production * best fat-to-protein ratio

BROWN SWISS

* color patterns of black and white or red and white * produce 9 gallons of milk, daily during a cow's standard lactation of 305 days * Highest milk productions in the world * Not as resistant to heat and diseases when in difficult agro-ecological areas

HOLSTEIN

* second largest breed of dairy cattle in the world * known for their rich in protein, minerals and trace elements milk * produce 6 gallons of 5% butterfat milk each day

JERSEY

* tick-resistant, heat-tolerant and noted for its high resistance to parasites * Can produce average 2270kg of milk during a lactation * Heaviest milker of all Zebu breeds

SAHIWAL

* Shorthorn milk has the most favorable protein-fat ratio of the dairy breeds * 9000 kgs of milk per 305 days * Efficient converter of feed to milk, especially pasture and other forage

MILKING SHORTHORN

* Large sized animal with rounded outline and prominent muscles * Shoulder, back, loin and rump are heavily muscled * The back is straight, rump is sloping, tail set is prominent, and skin is fine. * Has fine but strong legs and can walk easy.

Belgian Blue Cattle

from Europe, medium-sized, black, with dark slate-grey skin and black hooves. Lactation lasts on average 277 days, and usually yields 1,600–1,800 kg (3,500–4,000 lb) of milk.

Mediterranean

It is a combination of types of mating which are planned to combine desirable qualitative & quantitative characters.

Breeding Systems

this means each possible mating in a population has the same probability or occurrence.

Random mating ( or unplanned)

Involving two or more breeds, where the crossbred may stabilize into a breed (eg. Brangus) by “inter se” mating or crisscross or triple cross.

Systematic crossbreeding

Mating of purebred sires to nondescript or native females & their offsprings generation after generation

Upgrading

Sexual maturity (bulls/heifer)

6-8 months

Estrus cycle

18-24 days (average is 21 days)

Estrus duration

European = 14-18 hours Zebu/Indigenous = 10-12 hours

Ovulation

10-14 hours after end of estrus

Parturition period

cattle is 283 days 316-320 in carabao

Amount of ejaculate

2-12 ml, with 500 or more sperm cells/ml

Sperm survival at oviduct

48 hours max

Signs of Estrus (period of sexual receptivity of female)

* Reddening & swelling of vulva; mucous discharge * Isolates herself; seem sickly and has no appetite * Frequent urination; restlessness, bellowing/mooing * Mount others; standing still when mounted

Indicators of Good Breeding Performance

* Conception rate * Calving rate * Calving interval * First heat after parturition

# Indicators of Good Breeding Performance % of females that conceived versus the total exposed females.

Conception rate

# Indicators of Good Breeding Performance % of females that gave birth versus the total exposed females

Calving rate

# Indicators of Good Breeding Performance number of days between successive calvings (one year is ideal, 18 months is common)

Calving interval

# Indicators of Good Breeding Performance the occurrence of estrus after giving birth to a young (related to calving interval)

First heat after parturition

Breed heifers at ____months old or weighing ____kg

18-20; 220-250

Breed bulls at ____ months old or weighing ____ kg.

18; 280

limit the frequency of service of bulls to ____ times per week

two

At the age of 3 years, the bull may be used ____ times a week.

five

CO5 AnSci Flashcards

(105 cards)