Coasts

Question 1

Concordant

Answer 1

Alternating bands of rock parallel with the waves

Question 2

Discordant

Answer 2

Alternating bands of rock perpendicular with the waves

Question 3

Isostatic change

Answer 3

Localised rise or fall in land

Question 4

Eustatic change

Answer 4

Global rise or fall in sea level

Question 5

Sediment cell

Answer 5

Region of shoreline that encompasses sediment movement

Question 6

SMP

Answer 6

Strategies to manage flood/erosion risk

Question 7

ICZM

Answer 7

Overviews the strategies put in place to protect coasts, accounting for all parties of interest.

Question 8

Rock types and examples

Answer 8

Metamorphic - Slates & marbles
Sedimentary - Limestone & sandstone
Igneous - Granite & basalt
Unconsolidated - Sand & clay

Question 9

Factors for dune creation

Answer 9

Abundant sediment supply
Macro-tidal range
Predominant onshore wind
Vegetation

Question 10

Factors affecting waves

Answer 10

Fetch
Power of wind
Water depth

Question 11

Weathering

Answer 11

Decomposition through direct contact with the atmosphere in-situ

Question 12

Exfoliation

Answer 12

Expands when hot and contracts when cold so layers peel away

Question 13

Freeze thaw

Answer 13

Cracks fill with water, which expands when frozen, this repeats causing pieces to break off

Question 14

Salt crystallisation

Answer 14

Salt water evaporates, leaving salt crystals which grow and widen cracks, breaking off rock

Question 15

Biological weathering

Answer 15

Plant roots clump soil together and loosen the ground

Question 16

Chemical weathering

Answer 16

Rock is weakened through hydrolysis, carbonation or oxidation. (usually acid rain)

Question 17

Topple (mass movement)

Answer 17

Forward rotation of rock on vertical lithology , where weaknesses exist at bedding planes.

Question 18

Rotational slumping

Answer 18

Cliffs made of sands or clay become saturated and slide down with a rotational movement, leaving behind a terraced profile and rotational scar

Question 19

Rockfall

Answer 19

Rapid movement on cliffs exceeding 40 degrees caused by weathering. Leaves a talus slope at the foot (debris)

Question 19

Earthflow

Answer 19

Steeper slopes that have become saturated and masses of earth slides down the slope

Question 20

Flocculation

Answer 20

Clay particles suspended in water gain an electrostatic charge from the salt, so clump together and sink.

Question 21

Sediment sources

Answer 21

Rivers
Beaches
Cliff erosion
Attrition of boulders

Question 22

Sediment stores

Answer 22

Offshore bars
Beaches

Question 23

Sediment outputs

Answer 23

Offshore
Humans & animals

Question 24

Ria

Answer 24

Flooded river valley, dentritic shape

Question 25

Fjord

Answer 25

Flooded glacial valley, not dentritic, far deeper than ria

Question 26

SMP examples

Answer 26

Do nothing Managed realignment Hold the line Advance the line Limited intervention

Question 27

Beach nourishment

Answer 27

Adding sediment to beach +Natural, supports tourism -Storms can destroy, needs to be repeated

Question 28

Groynes

Answer 28

Walls that stop LSD +Not as expensive as others, supports tourism -£1000 per m, ugly, disrupts sediment cells

Question 29

Revetments

Answer 29

Sloped walls in front of backshore +Effective, LSD continues -Very expensive(£1500/m), less accessible

Question 30

Sea wall

Answer 30

Wall/pier that reflects waves +Very effective and lasts, supports tourism -£5000/m, interrupts cells by stopping erosion and deposition

Question 31

Rock armour

Answer 31

Boulders that dissipate waves +Long lasting, effective -Expensive if shipped from abroad, may not fully prevent erosion

Question 32

Gabions

Answer 32

Pebbles in wire basket +Relatively cheap and easy, can also prevent mass movement -Not very effective against high energy, frequent repair needed

Question 33

Formation of tombolo

Answer 33

Waves are refracted by an island so have low energy and deposit sediment, connecting it to the land.

Question 34

Formation of cuspate forelands

Answer 34

Two spits either side of a triangular headland meet.

Question 35

Dune succession

Answer 35

Embryo - Sand piled up by an object Yellow - Vegetation grows as the dune gets bigger (Marram grass) Grey - Moisture & nutrients from plant death create soil, so more plants can grow Dune slack - Water table rises to the surface or sea water trapped in between Heath & woodland - Trees can now grow

Question 36

Wave quarrying

Answer 36

When air is trapped and compressed against a cliff, causing rock fragments to break off

Question 37

Negative feedback loop eg

Answer 37

Beach is eroded by storm waves, creating an offshore bar. This then dissipates wave energy and is eroded, eventually returning to normal conditions.

Question 38

Clastic vs Crystalline

Answer 38

Clastic - Sandstone, limestone etc Crystalline - Igneous/metamorphic

Question 39

Short-term sea level change

Answer 39

-Tide -Wind strength/direction -Atmospheric pressure (lower pressure = higher sea level)