Coasts Case Studies

Question 1

what rock type is found at Studland Bay

Answer 1

soft Bagshot and Kimmeridge clay

Question 2

what rock type is found at Swanage Bay

Answer 2

Wealdon clay

Question 3

what features are found at Studland and Swanage Bay

Answer 3

depositional beaches and sand dunes

Question 4

what rock type is Ballard Point

Answer 4

mechanically strong sedimentary chalk

Question 5

what feature is found at Ballard Point

Answer 5

Old Harry rocks cave-arch-stack-stump sequence

Question 6

what rock type is Durlston Head

Answer 6

lower Portland and Purbeck limestone that is jointed and interbedded with soft mudstones and marls

Question 7

how is Durdle Door formed

Answer 7

limestone strata is vertical due to folding and eroded by a cave-arch-stack-stump sequence which exposed the softer Wealdon clay behind, eroded at a faster rate

Question 8

how is Lulworth Crumple formed

Answer 8

Portland limestone was eroded to expose less resistant Wealdon clay also eroded by soil creep and slumping to expose limestone cliffs with strata folding due to tectonic activity 30 million years ago

Question 9

how are Lulworth Crumple and Worbarrow Bay formed

Answer 9

portland limestone is breached due to strata folding, wealden clay is eroded to expose chalk cliffs

Question 10

how is Kimmeridge Bay formed

Answer 10

Kimmeridge clay strata is interbedded by mudstones, shales and dolomites, clay has an inland dip, eroded as a wave cut sequence

Question 11

what rock type and features are Flamborough Head

Answer 11

Hard chalk with vertical joints forming caves and geos and horizontal bedding planes forming wave cut sequences. forms a headland with cave-arch-stack-stump sequence

Question 12

what rock type and features are found at Holderness Cliffs

Answer 12

saturated boulder clay with slip planes and a seaward slump causes rotational slumping. lsd means there is little buffer of a beach

Question 13

what are the inputs to the Holderness sediment cell

Answer 13

boulder clay retreating at 1.8m/year inputs fine clay at cliff foot
Flamborough Head is eroded by wave refraction inputting chalk sediment

Question 14

how much sediment is transported by longshore drift

Answer 14

500,000 tonnes of sediment is suspended and transported by lsd

Question 15

how long is Spurn Head spit and how much is it growing by annually

Answer 15

6km long, growing by 10cm/year

Question 16

what is found behind Spurn Head causing wave energy to decrease

Answer 16

Humber Estuary and estuarine mudflats

Question 17

what are the negative feedback loops of he Holderness sediment cell

Answer 17

cliff collapse from erosion will protect the cliff base from wave attack
erosion of Spurn Head forms an offshore bar that reduces wave energy and allows the spit to grow

Question 18

what are the positive feedback loops of the Holderness sediment cell

Answer 18

storms erode beach material meaning there is no cliff base protection
rising sea levels will increase erosion rate of Spurn Head

Question 19

what hard engineering was implemented at Mappleton

Answer 19

rock armour and 2 rock groynes costing £2 million

Question 20

how much is Mappleton village valued at

Answer 20

£650,000

Question 21

how did hard engineering at Hornsea affect Mappleton

Answer 21

increased cliff erosion by 4m/year as beaches were starved

Question 22

what hard engineering was implemented at Mappleton

Answer 22

sea wall groynes and rock armour

Question 23

what hard engineering was implemented at Withernsea

Answer 23

recurved sea wall and rock armour costing £6.3 million

Question 24

how did hard engineering at Mappleton affect Cowden

Answer 24

cliff erosion rate increased from 2.5m/year to 3.8m/year

Question 25

what is Hornsea Mere

Answer 25

a SSSI and bird habitat

Question 26

what could the affect of erosion be at Holderness by 2025

Answer 26

160 acres of grade 3-4 land lost and 37 homes destroyed

Question 27

why is Easington protected

Answer 27

natural gas terminal handling 25% North Sea production

Question 28

what hard engineering has been implemented at Easington

Answer 28

£4.5 million revetment of rock armour

Question 29

what policy is used at Spurn Head

Answer 29

do nothing leading to loss of community and coastguard station

Question 30

who are the stakeholders for the Oshida ICZM

Answer 30

oshida tourism dep., greenpeace India, the central gov and local gov, disaster management authority

Question 31

how much mangrove forest is at Oshida

Answer 31

1435km2

Question 32

why else should oshida be protected

Answer 32

mineral deposits, aquaculture employment, tidal and wind energy

Question 33

how is oshida being managed

Answer 33

managed retreat with eco-tourism, replanting mangroves and cyclone shelters

Question 34

how much did the Aswan Dam reduce sediment volume in the Nile by

Answer 34

from 130million tonnes/year to 15million tonnes/year

Question 35

how much did nile delta erosion rates increase by

Answer 35

20m/year to 200m/year

Question 36

how much of egypts population live within the Nile Delta

Answer 36

1/4

Question 37

what is the importance of nile delta agriculture

Answer 37

responsible for 60% food and 12% GDP

Question 38

how is the coastline being starved

Answer 38

reduced sediment volume due to the dam and dredging of the river

Question 39

what were the primary impacts of the 1953 storm surge

Answer 39

40,000 homeless 160,000 acres farmland flooded 320,000 evacuated 2500 killed

Question 40

what were the primary impacts of the 2013 storm surge

Answer 40

15 killed 100,000 homes lost power insured losses of £1.4-1.9 billion

Question 41

what were the physical characteristics of the 2013 storm surge

Answer 41

winds of 140mph 5.8m surge

Question 42

how was the area prepared for the 2013 storm surge

Answer 42

800,000 properties were protected forecasting, warning and evacuation coastal flood defences

Question 43

how many have died as a result of storm surges in bangladesh

Answer 43

500,000 since 1970

Question 44

why is Bangladesh vulnerable to storm surges

Answer 44

60% is low-lying deforestation of mangroves increased river discharge vulnerable agricultural economy

Question 45

why is tuvalu vulnerable to sea level rise

Answer 45

highest point of the islands is 5m above sea level 11,500 population <1000 tourists/year collapse of the greenland ice sheet could raise global sea level by 5m

Question 46

why is the maldives vulnerable to sea level rise

Answer 46

higherst point of the islands is 2.3m 340,000 population sea level of 50cm would see a loss of 77% of land 97% of inhabitants at risk 1 million annual tourists 40% less tuna catches shortage of fresh water