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CVR > Common respiratory conditions > Flashcards

Common respiratory conditions Flashcards

1
Q

Dyspnoea

A

Difficulty breathing

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2
Q

Ventilation

A

The amount of air entering/leaving the lungs

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3
Q

Perfusion

A

Amount of blood perfusing a capillary bed (alveolar or in tissues)

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4
Q

Hyper of hypoventilation

A

Pertains to ventilation: excessive or decreased

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5
Q

Tachypnoea

A

Increased respiratory rate

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6
Q

Bradypnoea

A

Decreased respiratory rate

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7
Q

hypoxia

A

Reduced tissue O2

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8
Q

Hypoxaemia

A

Reduced O2 levels in the blood

Under 60 mm Hg or 8 KPa

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9
Q

hypercapnia

A

Increased Co2 levels in the blood

Over 42mm Hg or 5.6 KPa

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10
Q

Cyanosis

A

Blue disclouration of skin/muscous membranes associated with levels of oxygenation

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11
Q

Acidosis

A

Low blood pH (<7.35)

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12
Q

Alkalosis

A

High blood pH (>7.45)

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13
Q

Restrictive respiraotry disease

A

e.g. Interstitial lung disease (ILD)
Children’s interstitial lung disease (chILD)

Small volume of air flowing in
Total lung capacity low
Decreased lung compliance

Restriction to airflow
Difficult to inflate lungs

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14
Q

Cystic fibrosis

A

Often termed as obstructive disorder

But

Some elements of restriction observed

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15
Q

Obstructive respiratory disease

A

e.g. Emphysema or Asthma

Small volume of air flowing out
Vital capacity low
Increased lung compliance

Obstruction to air flow
Difficult to expel air

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16
Q

Restrictive vs obstructive respiratory disease - compliance

A

Obstructive disease - increased compliance

Restrictive disease - decreased compliance

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17
Q

Main cellular defects caused bt CTFR variants

A

Defects in protein production, function of the pump, regulation of the pump and protein processing.

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18
Q

Cystic fibrosis: some pathophysiological features in the lung

A

Dysregulated / reduced chloride secretion

Increased sodium resorption into epithelial cells

Water follows the sodium and is resorbed into the epithelium

Mucus becomes ‘thickened’, more sticky and dehydrated

The mucus become adherent

pH is lowered in bronchial epithelia

pH change – defects in antimicrobial defences

Airway obstruction

19
Q

Cystic fibrosis: some respiratory pathological features

A

Chronic sinusitis – bacterial infection

Hyperinflation of lungs – obstructive characteristic

Bronchiectasis - airway widening

Peribronchial cuffing – e.g. bronchial wall thickens

Chronic pulmonary inflammation

Atelectasis - collapsed alveoli

Lung abscess -

20
Q

Bronchiestasis

A

Long term condition where the airways of the lungs become widened, leading to a build up of excess mucus that can make the lungs more vulnerable to infection.

21
Q

Pathophysiological complications of cystic fibrosis in the lung

A

Chronic sinusitis – bacterial infection

Hyperinflation of lungs – obstructive characteristic

Bronchiectasis - airway widening

Peribronchial cuffing – e.g. bronchial wall thickens

Chronic pulmonary inflammation

Atelectasis - collapsed alveoli

Lung abscess -

22
Q

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary disease - obstructive

A

Mostly associated with adult behaviours -e.g smoking

But

Childhood risk factors could be significant

Maternal asthma
Paternal asthma
Childhood asthma
Severe respiratory infections before 5 yrs
Maternal smoking

23
Q

COPD is sometimes called…

A

Emphysema or chronic bronchitis

24
Q

Chronic bronchitis

A

Chronic cough with the production of phlegm resulting from inflammation in the airways

25
Q

Causes of obstruction

A

Causes in the lumen - blockage/plugging

Causes in the wall - bronchoconstriction, inflammation/edema

Ouside the airway- parenchyma loss

26
Q

Parenchyma

A

Comprises a large number of thin-walled alveoli, forming an enormous surface area, which serves to maintain

27
Q

The effects of airway obstruction on airflow resistance and expiratory flow rate

A

Increased resistance to airflow

Reduction of expiratory flow rate

28
Q

Adulthood COPD risk factors

A

Tobacco smoking
Indoor air pollution (such as biomass fuel used for cooking and heating)
Outdoor air pollution
Occupational dusts and chemicals (vapours, irritants, and fumes)

29
Q

COPD childhood risk factors

A

Maternal asthma
Paternal asthma
Childhood asthma
Severe respiratory infections before 5 yrs
Maternal smoking

30
Q

What happens with emphysema

A

Permanent destruction and enlargment of the alveolar airspaces

Enlargement of the alveolar airspaces with loss of elastic recoil and reduced alveolar gas exchange surface area.

31
Q

Emphysema: a propsed mechanism

A

Smoke particles and chemicals inhaled

Macrophages/neutrophils phagocytose

Serine elastase released

Elastic tissue - elastin destroyed

32
Q

Chronic bronchitis

A

Hypertrophy of mucus glands in larger bronchi
Excessive mucous production
Excessive expectoration
Chronic inflammatory changes in smaller bronchi

33
Q

Reid index

A

An instrument for the evaluation of chronic bronchitis

normal < 0.4

Severe > 0.7

34
Q

Causative factors of asthma

A

Character of the air being breathed
Acid reflux
Post nasal drip
Stress & anxiety
Genetic linkage
Drug induced

35
Q

Asthma: pathophysiology

A

1) Stimulus (allergen)
2) Mast cells activated (T-helper cells)
3) Inflammatory mediators
4) Bronchoconstriction
Vascular permeability
Mucus production

36
Q

Extrinsic restrictive disorders

A

Pneumothorax

Ankylosing spondylitis

Scoliosis/kyphosis

Obesity hypoventilation syndrome

37
Q

Pneumothorax

A

Collapsed lung

38
Q

Ageing and the respiratory system

A

Respiratory surface area↓
Alveolar size↑
Bronchiole diameter↑
Elasticity of lung tissue↓
Dysregulation of fibroblast function
Thoracic compliance↓

39
Q

Epigenetic factors linked to ageing and the respiratory system

A

Altered proteostasis

Mitochondrial dysfunction

Increased apoptosis
(programmed cell death)

Altered nutrient sensing

Stability of extracellular matrix

Changes to inflammatory response in the lung

Reduced antibody responses in the lung

40
Q

Pulmonary fibrosis

A

Lung disease that occurs when lung tissue becomes damaged and scarred.

This thickened, stiff tissue makes it harder for the lungs to work properly.

41
Q

Interstital lung disease: pathology

A

Heterogenous group of disorders characterised by fibrosis (scarring) of the lungs

e.g diffuse pulmonary fibrosis

42
Q

Diffuse pulmonary fibrosis- aetiology adnd features

A

Dyspnoea

Dry, unproductive, cough

Rapid shallow breathing

Reduced chest movement

Lung crepitations

Reduced exercise capacity

FEV1 and FVC low

43
Q

Intrinsic and extrinsic factors for decreased lung compliance

A

Intrinsic - changes ‘inside’ lung
e.g. parenchyma

Extrinsic- Issues outside lungs
e.g. chest wall/neural control

44
Q

Restrive respiratory disease

A

Small volume of air flowing in
Total lung capacity low
Decreased lung compliance

Difficult to inflate lungs

Expansion on lungs restricted

CVR (11 decks)

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