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Biology Paper 1 > Communicable diseases > Flashcards

Communicable diseases Flashcards

1
Q

What is a communicable disease ?

A

They are spread from person to person. They are infectious

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2
Q

What are communicable diseases spread by?

A

Pathogens

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3
Q

What are pathogens?

A

Microorganisms that cause infectious diseases

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4
Q

What are 4 main pathogens?

A

Viruses, bacteria, fungi and protists

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5
Q

How do bacteria make us ill ?

A

Bacteria reproduce very quickly.

They may produce toxins (poisons) that affect your body and make you feel ill.

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6
Q

How do viruses make you ill ?

A

Viruses cannot reproduce themselves .

First the virus invades the host cell. Then the virus reproduces inside the host cell when the virus leaves it can cause the cell to burst open.

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7
Q

What’s bigger bacteria or viruses ?

A

Bacteria

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8
Q

What are The 4 main ways pathogens spread?

A

By air
Through direct contact
By water
By vectors e.g. mosquitoes

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9
Q

What are 2 examples of pathogens being spread through the air ?

A

While you talk or if you sneeze

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10
Q

What are 2 examples of how pathogens can spread through direct contact ?

A

Through sexual contact

Through cuts/blood

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11
Q

What is an example of how pathogens can spread through water ?

A

Eating/drinking contaminated food/drink

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12
Q

explain process of vaccination

A
  • small quantities of dead or inactive forms of pathogen introduced into body
  • this stimulates white blood cells to produce antibodies
  • if same pathogen re-enters the body, white blood cells respond quickly to produce same antibodies, preventing infection
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13
Q

What is an antigen?

A

a toxin or other foreign substance which induces an immune response in the body, especially the production of antibodies.

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14
Q

What happens when the vaccine is put into your body?

A

The small amount of dead/inactive pathogen stimulates your white blood cells to produce the antibodies needed to fight the pathogen.

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15
Q

What is an advantage of vaccination?

A

Help to control communicable diseases

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16
Q

What is an disadvantage of vaccination?

A

Don’t always work and you can have a bad reaction to it

17
Q

What is antibiotics ?

A

Antibiotics are medicines that fight infections caused by bacteria in humans and animals by either killing the bacteria or making it difficult for the bacteria to grow

18
Q

What is Chemotherapy ?

A

Use of drugs to treat a disease

19
Q

Examples of antibiotics ?

A

Penicillin, tetracyclines, polymyxins and sulfa drugs

20
Q

Name an example of what antibiotics can and can’t kill ?

A

Can kill bacteria and fungi, but not viruses

21
Q

How do antibiotics kill ?

A

Antibiotics work by blocking vital processes in bacteria, killing the bacteria or stopping them from multiplying.

22
Q

Why an antibiotics not kill viruses?

A

Antibiotics cannot kill viruses because viruses have different structures and replicate in a different way than bacteria.

23
Q

Why must new medical drugs be tested before being used?

A

To check that they are safe for everyone

24
Q

What 3 things are new drugs tested for?

A

Toxicity
Efficacy - how well they do their job
Dosage

25
Q

How long can it take for a new medicine to be tested and reach your doctors surgery?

A

12 years

26
Q

Give 3 examples of things used to carry out preclinical tests on.

A

Cells
Tissues
Live animals

27
Q

Where are preclinical tests carried out?

A

In labs

28
Q

Who are involved in clinical trials?

A

Healthy volunteers and patients

29
Q

Why are clinical trials kept small to start with and patients are only given small dosage?

A

This is the first time when you test for side effects, so originally there could be some health risks

30
Q

What is a double blind trial

A

A blind trial is where people don’t know which treatment they are getting. They could be one of the following: the new treatment. the standard treatment.

31
Q

What is a blind trial ?

A

Where the patient doesn’t know if he’s getting real drug or fake one but the doctor knows.

32
Q

What is a placebo?

A

A replica of the real drug but the placebo is a fake one that has no effect

33
Q

What are 4 stages of drug development ?

A
  • Discovery and Development - Research for a new drug
  • Preclinical Research - Tested on animals like mouse
  • Clinical Research - tested on people to make sure they are safe
  • Review the drug - Check they are safe for everyone and if they will release or not

Biology Paper 1 (11 decks)

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