Competency 5 Flashcards
(106 cards)
1
Q
Why did the Native Americans have different customs, housing, clothes, religion?
A
natural resources
2
Q
How many native american languages were there?
A
200 languages & 1500 dialects
3
Q
What were the 6 main groups of Native American groups of tribes?
A
Woods People- ny. husnted, fished, 3 sisters
Plains people- Mississippi river to rocky mountains. became great horsemen
Southwestern tribes- New Mexico and Arizona. Clift dwellers, nomads, brick housing
California tribes- lived on acron seeds and fish. least advanced.
Northwest Coast- Washington, Alaska. no farming, fish people. lived in wooden houses
Plateau people- between Pacific coast and plains. brush huts, underground houses, lived on fish. Desert
4
Q
explain the religion of the native peoples.
A
- very religious- believed every object had spiritual power
- divided into clans. clans had totem, powerful animal they believed to have descended from
- Worshipped sun and 4 directions
- shaman (priest), medicine man. sickness result of displeasng spirit
5
Q
What was the highest virtue of Native Americans?
A
self control, hiding emotions, and honesty
6
Q
What was the government like of the Native Americans?
A
each individual was responsible for governing oneself and respecting the rights of others. Chiefs carried out the will of the tribe. Boundaries were determined by treaties with neighbors. Some tribes organized a confederation. Example: Iroquois confederation was also called 5, later 6 nations
7
Q
What was one consistent cultural element among the Native American peoples?
A
smoking of the pipe called calumet at beginning and end of war
8
Q
What is the primary difference between Native American and European belief about land?
A
Europeans believed in claiming, owning, and controlling land. natives believed in sharing land. That is why they were taken over.
9
Q
What 4 European countries colonized the Americas?
A
England, France, Spain, Portegul (Netherlands for short time)
England: East coast from Maine to Ga, parts of Canada, West Indies Islands (Cuba, Haiti, Bahamas)
New France: Louisiana Territory, Mississipi Valley, Lawrence Valley, Great Lakes, Quebec WI
Spain: Mexico, California, Florida, South America, WI
Portegual: Brazil
10
Q
Why is it important to know about New France in Colonial America?
A
The french had 2 major settlements at Montreal and New Orleans and so had control of two major entrances into middle of North America from St. Lawrence River and Mississippi River as well as Great Lakes.
11
Q
Why was France a threat to the English colonies?
A
they had all the water trade from the St. Lawrence river, Mississippi River, and the Great Lakes and their tributaries.
12
Q
What natural resource gave the wealth for New France and France?
A
Furs. Most colonists lived along the St. Lawrence river. Fur traders lived in the interior and the fur traders would trade with the Indians and bring the furs to the colonists in the Spring when the ship came in from France.
13
Q
Who was the most powerful nation in Western Europein the mid 1700’s?
A
France. Superior army, competitive navy
14
Q
Why did people come to the New World?
A
- Adventure
- Desire for land
- To get Rich
- To expand their countries empire
- Some came to convert the Natives into Christianity
15
Q
What were the first Spanish settlements in the New World?
A
Carribean Islands including Haiti, Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico, Cuba
16
Q
What was the first permanent settlement in today’s United States?
A
St. Augustine, FL 1565
1609 Santa fey, New Mexico
17
Q
Which European country had the longest control over the New World?
A
Spain
18
Q
By 1763, which of the 3 major western European powers was the most powerful?
A
England
19
Q
What were the reasons the English people decided to settle in the American colonies?
A
- Religious freedom
- Political freedom
- Economic prosperity
- To own land
20
Q
The American colonies were divided into 3 sections. What were they?
A
- New England: Massachutsets, Rhode Island, New Hampshire, Connecticuit
- Mid-Atlantic: NY, PA, NJ, Deleware, Maryland
- Southern cononies: Va, Ga, N/S Carolina
21
Q
What was the economy of the New England colonies?
A
life centered on the towns. Each family did its own farming. Economy based on manufacturing, ship building, trade, fishing
22
Q
What was the economy of the Mid-Atlantic colonies?
A
farming. Farms were large and had enough food for trading. Known as bread basket of the New World. Had ship building, iron mines, and produced paper, glass, and textiles
23
Q
What was the economy of the Southern colonies?
A
Farming. long growing season. huge farms called plantations. Eventually, used slaves for the work.
24
Q
What was special about VA in the 1600’s?
A
- had first permanent English colony, Jamestown
- In 1619, 60 women were sent to Jamestown to marry and establish families
- 1619, 20 Africans arrived as the first slaves in America
- 1619, VA colonists granted right to self-government. Elected their own representatives to the House of Burgesses (legislative body)
25
Why was America called the "Melting Pot"?
People settled in the colonies from diverse backgrounds and cultures coming from many different countries, religions, social classes
26
What was grown on the Southern plantations?
Rice, tobacco, indigo, cotton, wheat
27
What was the difference between the Southern colonists who lived on the coastal cities and those who lived inland?
People in the coastal towns had lifestyle similar to England, in houses, clothing, social classes. People inland needed to make everything they needed to survive and so were very independent and did not judge others by dress, homes, language, etc.
28
Why did the colonists begin to have problems with England in the mid-1700's?
England had let the colonies be fairly independent until after the French and Indian war when it needed the colonists to pay for the war. The King in the Parliment raised taxes in the colonies to pay off the debt from the war.
29
What 2 European countries were constantly in conflict in the 1700's?
France and England
30
What was the cause of the French & Indian war (7 years war)?
British colonists wanted to move over the Appalacian mountains to Ohio Valley. French were resisitant, Natives sided with British, War happened and English and Indians won. However, in order for the Indians support, the British had to send the colonists east over the Appalacian mountains. Colonists angry, beginning of unrest.
31
How did the British win the French & Indian war?
captured Louis Berg along st. Lawrence River and New France could not get soldiers, supplies, and messages from France.
32
What happened in 1763?
Spain, France, and England met in Paris to sign Treaty of Versailles. Great Brittain controlls India, and all of North America east of the Mississippi River except for New Orleans. France lost all territories, allowed to keep all Islands. Spain gave Brittain FL. France gave Spain New Orleans and Louisiana. Britain was now the most powerful nation.
33
How did the French and Indian war benefit the American colonists for their future?
1. many colonists fought with the British and their experience helped them later in the American Revolution, especially G.W.
2. The colonies began to realize that they needed to wokr with each other
3. Benjamin Franklin's idea of uniting the colonies permanently began to spread
34
What were the Navigation Acts?
laws Great Britain issued to protect trade in the 1600's.
1. all shipping and trade within the Brittish Empire must use ships
2. Colonial products could only be sold to England
3. Colonies could only buy from England (tea from China had to be bought from Englad)
35
How did the Protestant Reformation and the Enlightenment affect the American colonies?
Religious freedom, new ways of thinking about human rights & dignity
36
What factors & influences created a different mindset in American colonies?
1. people came to the colonies for religious freedom
2. new belif that government is for the people
3. trading companies started to take over the right to make decisions and policies instead of the English government
4. Colonists continued English law that protected the right of ownership
5. Diverse population with many having no strong loyalty to England
6. Colonies were practicing local representative government
37
Why did King George III in 1763 proclaim the land between the mountains and the Mississippi River reserved only for Native Americans?
Result of French & Indian War promises to the natives and he wanted to keep it to 13 colonies to keep it easier to control them
38
Why did King George III leave an army of 10,000 troops in the colonies after the French and Indian war?
wanted to protect them from the Indians and to protect the Canadian border from the French. But to do this, the colonists had to pay for it whether they wanted to or not.... stamp act
39
What was the Stamp Act?
special tax on anything made out of PAPER. Money paid for English soliders in the colonies after the French and indian war
40
What was the response of the colonists to the Stamp Act?
colonists were angry because they had no say, said they could protect themselves and didn't need an army. "No taxation without representation" (representation in govenment)
41
What acts were passed by the English Government to get money from the colonists?
1. Sugar Act 1764: extra tax on any molasses (sweeten everything). English officials had the right to search houses of anyone suspected of breaking the law
2. Stamp Act of 1775: resistence from the colonists, sons of liberty (secret group that met to fight the King) burned stamps. King repealed Act in 1776 (took away)
3. Townshend Act 1776: Colonists must pay salaries of government oficials and judges sent by the King that colonies had no voice in. Result: threat to boycott, then King repealed except for tax on tea. Result: Boston Tea Party
4. Quartering Act 1776: colonists had to let soliders live in their houses. Response: Boston Massacre- attack on soliders, soldiers killed some people in mob. Not repealed
42
Who were the sons of liberty:
colonists that met as a secret group to resist the English laws. Led by Smuel Adams, Paul Revere, Benjamin Franklin
43
What city was the most important city during the American Revolution war period and after?
Philadelphia
44
What form of government in Philadelphia in 1774 by the colonists?
1st Continental Congress
45
Why was the 1st Continental Congress set up?
beginning of American independence. 2 yrs before war. Rights of the colonists. plan independence
46
What was the reusult of the 1st Continental Congress?
King George III insisted colonies submit to British law or be crushed.
Revolutionary War began April 1975 in Lexington, MA.
2nd Continental Congress met in Philadelphia
Declaration of Independence- letter to King that they ARE the USA
Articles of Confederation written
47
What was the Declaration of Independence?
Letter written by Thomas Jefferson, edited by Ben Franklin and others representing 2nd Continental Congress, written to the King to declare that the colonies were now United States of America and based on human rights and that all men are created equal
48
What was the turning point in the war for the Americans?
Battle of Saratoga, NY: huge victory and the French decided they would help the colonies against the British
War over with Treaty of Paris 1783
49
How long was the Revolutionary War?
8 yrs. although fighting had stopped 2 yrs before.
50
What are some important battles of Revolutionary War?
Lexington, Saratoga, Ticonderoga, Bunker Hill, Trenton (GW crosses Delaware as surprise attack), Yorktown
Other battles were: Bennington, Brandywine, Germantown, Guilford Courthouse, Monmouth, Princeton, and White Plains
51
Why should the British have won the war?
Better weapons, better trained army, bigger army, supplies, food, shelter
52
Why did the colonists win?
Had a reason from the Englihenment and Protestant Reformation- ideas of human rights and limited role of Government
colonists had new battle tactics learned from the natives
Passion for independence
Homeland advantage- their territory they were on
help of French
53
What are the Articles of Confederation?
1st American government. Began in 1781 after the surrender by England
54
What was the weakness of the Articles of Confederation?
states were given too much power because they were afraid to have a strong national government after dealing with England. Because the states had too much power, there wasn't enough money for the military. To get money, Congress had to ask each state but there was no none there to enforce it. There was no strong executive to carry out laws. States didn't get along. No way to settle disputes.
There was a Congress, but answered to the states.
55
What was the result of the Articles of Confederation's failure?
Constitutional Convention 1787
56
What was the Constitutional Convention?
delegates from all states except Rhode Island met in May 1787 in Philadelphia to revise Articles of Confederation. Rhode Island did not come because they were afraid the new congress was going to make a strong central government with a King. The delegates decided they couldn't revise the Articles of Confederation and would have to start all over. Agreed to keep convention a secret
57
Why did the delegates of the Constitutional convention wanted the work kept secret?
Didn't want reporters reporting ahead of time. Wanted a full document to present to the people. Delegates were afraid people would take sides before their work was completed and make it so the country could not except their final product.
58
What was another name for the Constitutional Convention?
Philadelphia Convention
59
What did all the delegates in the Constitutional convetion agree on?
1. Strong central government, but not with unlimited powers
2. no one part of the government could control the other parts (checks & Balances)
3. Republican form of government, representative democracy where the power was in the hands of the voters, who would elect the men, to govern
60
What were the 2 biggest controversies among the delegates?
1. # of representatives for Congress
2. Whether slaves should be counted as part of the population, which would affect the # of representatives in Congress for that state
61
What was the Great Compromise?
In the Constitutional Convention, delegates from the big states wanted more representavives than the small states. The small states were afraid the big states would have more power. The small states wanted every state to have the same number of representatives. The big states had more people to represent so were unhappy
Roger Sherman came up with the Great Compromise. 2 parts to Congress called bicameral. House of Representatives (# of members based on states population and elected every 2 years) Senate (2 senators from each state and elected every 6 years). Both houses can draft bills to debate and vote on except for bills pertaining to money, has to start in House of Representatives
62
What was the 3/5 compromise?
Controversy between North and South states whether to count slave as part of population in Southern states. Northern states didn't want slaves to be counted because south would have more representatives in Congress. Southern states did want slaves to be counted because they wanted more representatives but did not want to have to pay the taxes because they had more population.
Compromise 3/5- 3/5 of the slaves would be counted for taxes and representatives
63
What were 3 compromises in the Constitutional Convetion?
1. The Great Compromise
2. 3/5 Compromise
3. commerce comromise
64
What was the commerce compromise?
last major compromise in Constitutional Convention between north and south. Trading imports, exports, and taxes. Congress was given the power to regulate commerce (trade) with other countries and within the states for imports but NOT exports. Importing of slaves would continue for 20 more years.
65
How many states needed to ratify the Constitution for it to go into affect?
9 out of 13
66
What were 3 major objections the states had to the Constitution?
1. States worried that they were giving too much power to the national government
2. Voters didn't have enough control or influence over those who would be elected
3. Lack of rights guranteeing freedoms
67
How many states radified the Constitution?
11
68
Why did the constitution get accepted?
National government was separated into 3 branches of power with no branch being more powerful than the other 2 called Checks and Balances.
69
What is the Constitution?
Document that explains the purpose and format of our American Government. Living document. Can be changed by adding ammendments
70
When was George Wasingon elected President?
1789 by Electoral College
71
Why is the Constitution considered a living document?
ability to remain strong while allowing itself to change as society changes
72
Who were the federalists?
men who wanted a strong central government (ex: Hamilton, John Jay, James Madison, wrote series of papers conving people to ratify the constitution)
73
What were anti-federalists?
worried that strong national government would be a repeat of England. (Ex Jefferson and Patrick Henry- wrote arguments against constitution called anti-federalist papers)
74
Why was ratifying the constittution diffifcult?
2 groups of people were arguing about the constitution over the central governments power. These people were Federalists and anti-federalists.
75
What were the results of the arguments between the federalists and the anti-federalists?
Consitution was ratified with strong national government held in place by checks & balances which made the federalists happy. Bill of Rights, first 10 ammendments that gave protection of the most basic human rights made the Anti-federalists happy.
76
What happens in the Legislative branch?
made up of House of Representatives & the Senate.
making laws, raising & printing money, regulating trade, establishing postal service & federal court, approving presidents appointments, declaring war and supporting the armed forces, power to change the Constitution itself, and to impeach the President.
77
What happens in the Execuive branch?
headed by President
carries out the laws & treaties, can declare war, has the power to veto bills, recommends new laws
Cabinet members
78
What happens in the Judicial branch?
Supreme Court
can declare laws illegal or unconstitutional passed by the Legislative branch, or an act of the Executive Branch.
Federal district courts: try lawbreakers & review cases referred from other courts
79
What were Geroge Washington's major accomplishments?
war between France and England. GW encouraged US to stay neurtal as the country was not strong enough to enter into a war. Did not interfere with the powers of the Congress in establishing foreign policy. Encouraged Americans to put an end to regional differneces and warned the nation against long-term alliances with foreign nations.
80
What were John Adams major accomplishments?
Wanted to help France during war with England called XYZ Affair. Congress sent money to build more ships, temporary army, passed acts to drive foreign agents from country. When war ended, Adams sent a peace mission to France.
81
What were Thomas Jefferson's major accomplishments?
championed state's rights, supported strong interpretation of Constitution, reduced military expenditures, made budget cuts, eliminated tax on whisky, reduced national debt by 1/3, focused on keeping US out of Napoleonic Wars, imposed an embargo on all foreign commerce when the war made the French and English seize american ships & tried to deny access of trade with US
82
What were James Madison's major accomplishments?
Trade prohibited with England, but they continued to harass American ships and captured their sailors and forced them to become members of British navy. War on Great Britain but US not prepared to fight war. British blocked US ports and burned White House & capitol. Americans won. War ended with Treaty of Ghent - Britain finally accepted US independence.
83
What are the objectives of the political party system?
1. Influence government policy
2. form or shape public opinion
3. Win elections
4. To choose between candidates for office
5. To procure salaried posts for party leaders and workers
84
What was a challenge of being a new nation?
Finances: paying for the War debts
85
What was the result of the finance challenge after the war with England?
A national bank was established. Capitol located in the south in exchange for national bank. First bank was 1791.
86
What was the Whiskey Rebellion 1794 about?
PA farmers refused to pay the liqour tax on whiskey that they made, which was their most important source of cash. Government troops were sent to put it down and were successful
87
What was the Judiciary Act?
Set up the Supreme Court. established federal district and circuit courts. Bill of Rights: emphasized and protected the rights of individuals
88
What was the Democratic-Republican?
Formed by Jefferson and Southern followers. Wanted a weak central government and stronger relations with France
89
What were the Alien and Sedition Acts?
made it a crime to voice and criticism of the President or Congress and unfairly treated all FOREIGNERS
90
What were the accomplishments of Supreme Court Chief Justice John Marshall?
started power of judicial review, the right of the Supreme Court to determine the constitutionally of laws passed by Congress. SC had power to set aside laws passed by state legislatures only if and when they contradicted the US Constitution. Established right of SC to reverse decisions of state courts
91
What were Lewis and Clark meant to do?
Jefferson appointed them to explore Louisiana Territory and see what exactly had been bought. Went to Pacific Ocean. Started in belief about Manifest Destiny.
92
What is an amendment?
change to the constitution
93
What does the first amendment gurantee?
The right of freedome of religion, speech, press, and assembly (right to gather together to protest)
94
What were the next 3 amendments about? 2-4
came out of the colonists struggle with Great Britain. laws that said you could not search without a search warrant, soliders can't enter your house.
95
What were amendments 5-8 about?
protect citizens who are accused of crimes (due process: fair trial)
96
What are the 9-10 ammendments about?
limit the powers of federal government
97
What are the first 10 ammendments called?
The Bill of Rights
98
What is the separation of church and state?
Religion does not run the government
99
Who wrote the Bill of Rights?
James Madison
100
What was the war of 1812 about?
Britain felt threatend by US trading with France because US was helping Napolean and Napolean was trying to take over Europe. Britain didn't want US to get stronger
101
What caused the war of 1812?
1. British issued the orders in council which was a bunch of measures that prevented Americans trading with the French
2. US was put in the middle of the conflict between Great Britain and France during Napolean's reign.
102
Where was the War of 1812 mostly fought?
In the Great Lakes
103
What was the American objective in the War of 1812?
to conquer Canada, but it failed
104
What was the British goal of the War of 1812?
Invade the US from Canada
105
What was the most significant damage the British did to the US during the War of 1812?
Invaded Washington, burned White House and Capitol
106
How was the War of 1812 a turnin point in American history?
European events shaped US policies. Before US was a young country, it was introspective. Now things happening in Europe are going to shape how US makes their own policies.
