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Weeks 7-11 > Complementary and Alternative Medicine > Flashcards

Complementary and Alternative Medicine Flashcards

1
Q

Name the 5 categories of CAM

A

Alternative medical systems

Mind-body interventions

Biologically based therapies

Manipulative and body-based methods

Energy therapies

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2
Q

Give examples of alternative medical systems

A

Traditional Chinese medicine

Homeopathy

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3
Q

Give examples of mind-body interventions

A

Meditation

Yoga

Deep breathing

Tai chi

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4
Q

Give examples of biologically based therapies

A

Herbal medicine

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5
Q

Give examples of manipulative and body-based methods

A

Osteopathy

Chiropractic

Acupuncture

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6
Q

Give examples of energy therapies

A

Reiki

Therapeutic touch

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7
Q

What is mother tincture?

A

The starting solution that is diluted in homeopathy

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8
Q

What is the principal of similars?

A

Like will cure like

So dilute substance causing disease and use it to cure disease

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9
Q

What does C mean in homeopathy?

A

1 in 100 dilution

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10
Q

What does X mean in homeopathy?

A

1 in 10 dilution

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11
Q

What is the annual public spend on homopathy?

A

£46 million

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12
Q

What are the indirect harms of homeopathy?

A

Delay in receiving appropriate treatment

Attitudes of practitioner against immunisation and anti-malarials

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13
Q

Who regulates homeopaths in the UK?

A

No legal regulation - Society of Homeopaths, Faculty of Homeopathy, British Homeopathic Association

EU directive

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14
Q

What has St John’s Wort been used to treat?

A

Major depression

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15
Q

Why is St John’s Wort not used in NHS?

A

Interactions with other drugs

e.g. OCP, anti-coagulants, anti-virals etc. etc.

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16
Q

What are the harms of herbal medicine?

A

Adverse drug reactions

Drug interactions

Quality control

Delay in receiving appropriate treatment

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17
Q

Who regulates herbal medicines in the UK?

A

MHRA

18
Q

Who regulates herbal medicines in the UK?

A

MHRA

19
Q

What is required for a herbal medication to be approved by the THR?

A

Used for 30 years for a specific condition

Been used in EU for 15 of those years

No proof of efficacy required

20
Q

What is the herbalist exemption?

A

If you go into have a consultation with a herbalist, they do not have to prove safety, quality or efficacy of preparations

21
Q

What are straight chiropractors?

A

Chiropractors that believe in Palmer’s philosophy that vertebral subluxations are at the root of all illness

22
Q

What did DD Palmer believe?

A

95% of all disease are caused by displaced vertebrae

23
Q

What are sublaxations?

A

Small misalignments of the spine (basically undetectable on radiography)

24
Q

What are mixed chiropractors?

A

Less broad health claims

Can use musculoskeletal manipulations to improve health

More similar to osteopathy

25
Q

What is an E-meter?

A

Tool used by chiropractors to detect sublaxations

26
Q

What are the features of spinal manipulations?

A

High-velocity, low-amplitude thrusts

Audible ‘crack’

27
Q

What are the direct harms of chiropractic?

A

50% of chiropractic patients suffer an adverse reaction

Tearing of artery wall leading to stroke

Injury to spinal cord

Exposure to radiation via chiropractic X rays

28
Q

What are the indirect harms of chiropractic?

A

Delay in recieving treatment

Attitudes of practitioner

29
Q

What are only 2 CAM practices under statutory regulation?

A

Chiropractic

Osteopathic

30
Q

What is the theory behind acupuncture?

A

Ch’i flow thorugh meridians which are associated with vital organs

Ilness is due to disrupted flow of Ch’i

Insertion of needles along the meridians restores the flow of Ch’i - left in place for seconds to hours

31
Q

How do acupunctures make a diagnosis?

A

Inspection

Auscultation

Olfaction

Palpitation

Inquiring

32
Q

When must acupuncture not be carried?

A

Periods of anger, drunkness, mortification or at any time of great excitement

When moon is full or tide is high

33
Q

What are the direct harms of acupuncture?

A

Infection

Pneumothorax

34
Q

Who regulates liscencing of acupunctures?

A

Local authority - same as for tattooing and body piercing

35
Q

What are the theories behind the placebo effect?

A

Endogenous opioids

Conditioning (Pavlov’s dog)

Expectancy - you think it will make you feel better

Motivation

36
Q

Explain Beneviste’s concept of water having a memory

A

Nature published article saying that dilute IgE caused basophil degranulation

Unconcious bias by one of the researcher

37
Q

What are the issues surrounding blinding and acupuncture?

A

You cannot blind practitioner

Attitudes could influence conscious patient if putting needles in wrong place

Could hit meridians by chance

38
Q

What are some orthodox reasons that you may get benefit from acupuncture?

A

Gate control theory of pain

Opioid release

Placebo effect

39
Q

Describe the case of Simon Singh and the BCA

A

Simon said that the BCA happily promotes bogus treatments

BCA sued in 2008 for libel

Case dropped in 2010

40
Q

Why do people use CAM?

A

Health promotion/ disease prevention

Exhausted conventional options

Conventional options have side effects

No conventional option

Conventional approach emotionally or spiritually lacking

May not know it is CAM

41
Q

Why may CAM therapies appear to be effective?

A

Disease-associated

Patient-focussed

CAM-based

Weeks 7-11 (22 decks)

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