Concepts Philosophy Flashcards
(125 cards)
1
Q
Anachronism
A
A thing belonging to a period other than that in which it exists, to interpret things with terms from another time period
2
Q
Anthropomorphism
A
attribution of human characteristics to a God
2
Q
Apophatic
A
relating to the belief that God can be known to humans only in terms of what he is not (finite = not finite)
3
Q
Theology
A
study of religious faith, practice and experience
4
Q
Cupiditas and Caritas
A
refers to the love of things that can be lost (selfish desires) and the love which knows and enjoys the eternal (charity/generosity)
5
Q
Chain of Being
A
ranking of things according to their greatness/value (God on top —> Matter at bottom)
6
Q
Christian Universalism
A
christian theology focused around the doctrine of universal reconciliation (all humans be saved and restore right relation with God)
7
Q
City of God
A
people who forgo earthly pleasures to dedicate themselves to the eternal truths of God
8
Q
Cognitive theme / Counter theme
A
Time: time as linear (progressive vs time as circular (cycle)
Space: Homogeneous vs Differentiated
9
Q
Compatibilism
A
belief that free will and determinism are mutually compatible and that it is possible to believe in both without being logically inconsistent
10
Q
Contemptus mundi
A
“contempt for the world”, moral disdain for physical existence in anticipation of an afterlife
11
Q
Credo quia absurdum
A
“I believe because it is absurd”
12
Q
Demiurge
A
Being responsible for the creation of the universe (god-like character, shapes things)
13
Q
Determisnism
A
all events in the universe, including human decisions and actions, are inevitable (determined to be that way)
14
Q
Divine Foreknowledge
A
Based on God’s middle knowledge, God knows what you will freely do
15
Q
Divine Simplicity
A
God is the divine nature itself, one simple unified entity
16
Q
Donatism
A
4th-5th century Christian doctrine: clergy must be faultless for their ministry to be effective (prayers and sacraments)
17
Q
Ego sum qui sum
A
“I am that I am”, Moses with Ten commandments addresses his message from existence itself
18
Q
Epistemology
A
study of the meaning of knowledge
19
Q
Equivocation
A
using wrongfully same concept with two different meaning (will)
20
Q
Essence
A
proprety of something without which it would not exist or be what it is
21
Q
Eternal and everlasting
A
Something that has no beginning and no end and relates to abstract concepts /spiritual matters
Something that has a beginning but never ends and never be a moment when the thing isn’t there
22
Q
Ethnocentrism
A
attitude that one’s group, ethnicity or nationality is superior to others
23
Q
Etic vs Emic Analysis
A
Studying a culture from outside of the culture (observe)
Studying a culture with no cross-cultural focus (insider)
24
Evil as privation
absence of good, doctrine that evil, unlike good, is insubstantial, so that thinking of it as an entity is misleading
25
Ex nihilo nihil
"Nothing comes from nothing", out of nothing, nothing is produced, Christian view says God can go against this rule
26
Fall of Man
transition of the first man and woman from a state of innocent obedience to God to a state of guilty disobedience (original sin)
27
Fideism
doctrine that knowledge depends on faith and revelation
28
First Cause
supposed ultimate cause of all events, which does not itself have a cause, Aristotle -> God
29
Future Contingents
sentences that concern future events that can occur or not occur, might be true or false depending on perspective (no clear answer)
30
Gnosticism
human beings contain a piece of God within themselves, which ha fallen from the immaterial world into the bodies of humans
31
Heresy
belief contrary to Christian doctrine
32
Holism
theory that the universe is correctly seen in terms of interacting wholes that are more than the mere sum of elementary particles, Cannot understand a part if you don't understand how it fits in the Whole
33
Humanism
affirms our ability and responsibility to lead ethical lives of personal fulfillment that aspire to the greater good
34
Hyperousias
characterized as The Good (highest principle of all things) by Plato
35
Imago dei
"Image of God", applied uniquely to humans, denotes symbolical relation between God and humanity
36
Justification by Faith
sins are forgiven and have the certain hope of eternal life
37
Manichaeisim
old dualistic religion that breaks everything down into good or evil
38
Materialism
doctrine that nothing exists except matter and its movements and modifications
39
Metanoia
"Changing one's mind", resulting from penitence or spiritual conversion
40
Metaphysics
branch of philosophy that deals with first principles of things, being, knowing, substance, cause, identity, time
41
Millenarism
belief that fundamental transition of society is coming, bring golden age of piece and prosperity
42
Necessity and Contigency
Necessary truth is one that must be true
Contingent truth is one that is true as it happens, or as things are, but that did not have to be true
43
Neo-Platonism
philosophical movement of 3rd century, it argued that the world which we experience is only a copy of an ideal reality which lies beyond the material world
44
Descriptive and Normative
Characterizing and explaining regularities in the choices that people are disposed to make
Seeks to provide an account of the choices that people ought to be disposed to make
45
Omnipotent
one that has unlimited power or authority
46
Omniscient
state of knowing everything
47
Ontological argument
deductive philosophical argument that is advanced in support of the existence of God
48
Original Sin
tendency to sin in all human beings, inherited from Adam in The Fall (Augustine)
49
Orthodoxy
authorized or generally accepted theory, doctrine or practice (opinion considered the right view)
50
Pantheism
doctrine which identifies God with the universe, or regards the universe as a manifestation of God (God is all, All is God) Eriugena accused of it
51
Paradox
Logically self-contradictory statement
52
Participation (metaphisical)
expresses that ontological dependence of things in the world on spiritual/intellectual realities, ultimately on God
53
Pelagianism
5th century heresy stressed the essential goodness of human nature and the freedom of the human will
54
Perfectibility
will for a human to perfect himself, become the best human possible
55
Perfection
condition of free from all flaws or defect
56
Predestination
doctrine Christian theology, divine foreordaining of all that will happen, especially with regard to the salvation of some and not other. (Augustine)
57
Predication
a declaration of something self-evident, that can be assumed as the basis for argument
58
Prevenient Grace
Christian theological concept that refers to the grace of God in a person's life which precedes and prepares to conversion
59
Revelation
alleged instances of divine speaking or special divine acts in history and can denote any means of divine self-disclosure
60
Saving Remnant
doctrine of the remnant affirms unconditionally that however great Israel's apostasy, and however severe God's righteous judgement, there will always be a core --> a remnant of faithful believers who will continue to exist
61
Sea Battle
either takes place tomorrow or it does not take place tomorrow. If truth is not dependent on the time something happens, then it is true (or false, as the case may be) from a metaphysical point of view that the sea battle takes place tomorrow even though I cannot know this at the present time
62
Slave to sin
person who follows the will of sin and does whatever they please. Has no will or power to leave the master of sin in their life on his or her own
63
Spontaneity
God acts for reasons from his nature only, within himself/organic/no ouside influence
64
Substance
Fundamental reality
refers to those things that are object-like, rather that proprety-like
65
Synchronic and Diachronic
Looks at the structure of reality (snapshot)
Looks at the cosmic story (narrative)
66
Syncretism
combination of different form of beliefs or practice
67
temporal and ontological priority
Idea of a linear progression of past, present and future
Something has to exist in order for something else to exist
68
Logos
principle originating in classical Greek thought, refers to a universal divine reason, immanent in nature, yet transcending all oppositions and imperfections in the cosmos and humanity
69
Timaeus
Plato presents an elaborately wrought account of the formation of the universe and explanation of its impressive order and beauty. Universe = product of rational, purposive and beneficent agency
70
Typology
doctrine of theological types, analysis based on types or categoriesU
71
Unmoved mover
Aristotle fundamental principle that everything is in motion is moved by something else -> God
72
Via negativa
study of what not to do
73
Weltanschauung
"World View" in German, particular philosophy or view of life
74
Wheel of Fortune
wheel is spinning, carries you to the top, brings us to the ground, symbol of the capricious nature of faith in medieval philosophy
75
Will
faculty of choice, by which we determine which actions we shall perform the point at which we exercise our freedom of action (our control of how we act)
76
Act and Potency
Act: determinate characteristics that you can see of perfection (God is the only fully actual being)
Potency: capacity for something (for change), potential futures
77
Passive and Active Intellect
passive intellect: can potentially be anything by receiving that thing’s intelligible form,the intellect with which the soul thinks, which is also immaterial and which, without the state of potentiality is nothing before understanding
active intellect: takes on the immaterial intelligible form through thinking, pure actuality
78
Anchorite or Anchoress
set up camps next to churches, renounce to ordinary life in devotion to God
79
Anthropocentrism
Human is central of all things, conception of galaxy with earth in the middle
80
antinomianism
Anti-Lawfullness, ideology that if someone is already saved by God they can do whatever they want (sex, kill)
81
Arianism
particular view of trinity, God=Father, Creator, superior to Son and Spirit, Christian heresy that declared that Christ is not truly divine but a created being, God alone is immutable and self-existent, and the Son is not God but a creature with a beginning
82
Asceticism
training/exercises such as practice of denial of physical and psychological desires, monks devoting life to God
83
Atonment
to make up with what you've done and reconcile with the divine
84
Blasphemy
say or do that lacks respect for the divine (swearing)
85
Christendom
dominion of God, anciently geographical in the world, ruled by Chrsitianity
86
Christology
deals with origin/ work/nature of Christ
87
Consubstantial
of the same substance or essence in spite of difference in aspect, ex. God (father, son, spirit) or human nature
88
Cosmopolatinism
idea that the world is one political unity, all humans are children of God, Universalism of Christianity
89
Demonstration
Aristotle logic: syllogism that gives scientific knowledge, perfect deduction, find out causes
90
Ens necessarium
necessary being, God, everything else is contingent; material world+humans
91
Essence and Existence
essence: nature of a thing that makes it what it is
existence: have to check for existence, whereby the essence is an actuality in the line of being
92
filioque
of the Son, controversy Medieval period between Eastern and Western Christians different positions of the Son as equal in in origin and influence to the Father or not, West denies the monarchy of the Father and the Father as principle origin of the Trinity, destroys unity of the Trinity
93
Final Cause
specific explanation on a thing's nature, central purpose is the defining characteristic
94
Godhead or Godhood
divine essence, behind three manifestations (father, son, spirit)
95
Hair Shirt
self-denial torture/tormented -> itching self-harming shirt for purification, Margery kempe
96
Haecceity
"Thisness", what makes an individual distinct from another
97
Hylomorphism
Aristotle, every natural body consist of two intrinsic principles, matter undergoes the form (aka universal essence), substances= form+matter (composite)
98
Imitatio dei
Imitation of God, requirement of organizing life to imitate the divine, way of living passion of Christ (hair shirt)
99
Intellectual substances
more perfect that other substances, (angels, incorporeal)
100
Intercession
intervening on somebody's behalf in prayers, asking for favors, pleading to God for help
101
Limbo
edge of Hell in Dante's conception, for people who are not baptized
102
Messiah
a savior or liberator of a group of people, military leader, Jesus
103
Mysticsim
the set of practices that aim to reconciliation/union with the divine here and now
104
Natural Law
prescriptive, certain ways you should behave, moral rules to act by recognized by reason (slavery=wrong)
105
Nicene Creed
states basic elements of the Christian faith
106
Nominalism and Realism
Realism: holds that abstract entities are real and actually exist because they have certain attributes Nominalism: denies this fact, contending that the only things that exist are particular entities, not universal ones (mathematics)
107
Numerical Identity
Numerical identity is a term that philosophers use to describe an object being the very same object. (a thing is only numerically identical to itself) It is contrasted with qualitative identity which simply means that an object has all the same properties or qualities.
108
Passion
passion of Jesus/ sense of being passive, suffering, receiving, Jesus suffering on the cross death and resurrection is passion
109
Pollution
contamination of the Soul, impurity/sin
110
Prime Matter
Aristotle: explain substance from primarily matter, pure passive potency of substance, without any form, species, or privation, and receptive of any forms or subsequent privations, completely undifferentiated or indeterminate basic material of the physical universe, subject to all changes, informations, and privations
111
Continuity, Gradation and Plenitude
Continuity: universe is composed of an infinite series of forms, each of which shares with its neighbour at least one attribute
Gradation: hiearchy of Chain of Being, existence of varying degrees of qualities among beings
Plenitude: natural creation of Chain of Being is full, fullness
112
Sufficient Reason
nihil est sine ratione, never make assertion of existence, everything must have a reason or cause
113
Purgatory
invention of Medieval thought, Dante in between for for Heaven and Hell, an intermediate state after death for expiatory purification burning out sinful nature->painful but hope involved
114
Sabellianism
Sabellianism is the belief that instead of being three persons, these are actually three ''modes'' or ''aspects'' of the same god
115
Spiritual Body
resurrection->glorified spiritual body not just a pure soul and spirit
116
Substantial form
the idea, existent or embodied in a being, that completes or actualizes the potentiality latent in the matter composing the being itself, essence/quiddity
117
Suffering Servant
book of isaiah, God tortures a body, prophecy of Jesus, described as someone so physically marred and disfigured that he is beyond recognition, suffered and sacrificed his life in recompense for the sins of others
118
Sumum Bonum
Highest Good, hapiness, beatific vsion of God in the afterlife ->Christians
119
Quiddity
"Whatness", essence of a thing
120
Teleology
study of the purpose of things, the explanation of phenomena in terms of the purpose they serve rather than of the cause by which they arise
121
Theological Virtues
Faith, Hope and Charity
122
Trancendentals
transcendent category in the break down of everything in nature shared by all things ex. being, good, true and beauty
123
Universals
an entity used in a certain type of metaphysical explanation of what it is for things to share a feature, attribute, or quality or to fall under the same type or natural kind, ex. triangularity, humanity/human nature
124
Voluntarism
relationship between the will and the intellect taking position that prioritizes the will over emotion or reason ->God's will for volontarity, God makes it wrong to kill, including morality
